The Bewick's Wren is a pint-sized songster that can have more than 20 variations in song pattern. Eggs are oval or rounded oval, white with irregular brown, reddish brown, purple or gray spots/dots often concentrated in a ring on the larger end. . But Canyon Wrens are most often heard before they’re seen, and the sound of their cascading call echoing off rock cliffs is a sure sign you’re in the Rocky Mountain West. In North America, the house wren, Carolina wren, Bewick's wren, and cactus wren make regular appearances in bird-friendly yards in their respective ranges.Similarly, the winter wren is a common garden visitor in Europe and Asia. Then yesterday I looked out and saw a house wren chasing the Bewick's wren away from the gourd! Just trust me on that. House Wrens may even displace the uncommon Bewick's Wren. The House Wren vs. Bewick’s Wren.-In the summer of 1924 the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon aedon) made its reappearance in this locality as a sum- mer resident in small numbers. a mouse’s VCR fast-forwarding a tape. This species will flick and wave and fan its long tail as it chases prey through the undergrowth. Sometimes what you hear is the aggressive notes of defensive breeders, but wrens are also known for their beautiful songs. The Sedge Wren, in my experience, is the most difficult wren to find. Holds tail up over the back, often flicking it from side to side or fanning it as they skulk through tangles of branches and leaves searching for insects. It is similar in all ways to the Pacific Wren: Tiny and dark, it creeps along forest floors like a little puffball. The bold white eyebrow is a key field mark. 712-281-3080 - Council Bluffs 515-664-4303 - Des Moines Serving Des Moines, IA, Council Bluffs, IA, & Surrounding Areas Bewick's Wren populations are at risk in many parts of the United States, and populations in the eastern part of their range are considered scarce and declining. Very active and inquisitive, bouncing about with its short tail held up in the air, pausing to sing a rich bubbling song, it adds a lively spark to gardens and city parks despite its lack of bright colors. [MAY take over Carolina Wren nest site? Bewick's Wrens will readily use nest boxes, but they compete heavily with House Wrens, House Sparrows, and European Starlings for real estate. All wrens have a habit of cocking their tails, but none so dramatically as the Bewick’s Wren. The Bewick’s was formerly beloved as the familiar wren of the Appalachians and the Midwest, but the species today has almost disappeared completely east of the Mississippi. Bewick’s Wrens and their nests fall prey to Greater Roadrunners and various species of snakes, as well as house cats, which are absolutely no good for our native birds. Your support helps secure a future for birds at risk. The Carolina wrens also differ from the house wren by size. In dry thickets and open woods of the west, this is often a very common bird. See more ideas about wren, beautiful birds, backyard birds. The Carolina and white-browed wrens differ from the house wren in being larger, with a decidedly longer bill and hind toe; their culmen has a … Much of the population east of the Mississippi is endangered. . Slightly smaller overall than the eastern Carolina Wren, Bewick’s has a … Thryomanes bewickii The Bewick’s Wren is a western bird that lives in thickets, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. Six species of wren can be found in Maryland. House wrens are smaller, darker, and lack the white chest and eyebrow. National Audubon Society Marsh wren. House wren. Researchers have reported that House Wrens are known to destroy the nests of Bewick’s, and they have also observed House Wrens attacking Bewick’s Wrens. • The male Bewick’s Wren learns its song while still on the parents’ territory. Found in a variety of habitats, it readily takes advantage of cleared forest grown to large shrubs, especially blackberries. Many have brown backs and lighter undersides, some are just brown all over. a tiny elf playing Flight of the Bumblebee on the violin. The Cactus Wren is located in the most southern states. All wrens have a habit of cocking their tails, but none so dramatically as the Bewick’s Wren. Songs vary from one geographical area to another, and a single male may possess a repertoire of 9 to 22 distinct songs. House wrens seem to prefer areas with some trees and shrubs. Photo by Shelly Harris. The Bewick’s Wren Birdhouse (same as for house wrens, winter wrens and brown creepers) has a 4″ by 4″ floor, 8″ inside ceiling, 1 1/4″ diameter entrance hole located 6″ above the floor and ventilation openings. They are as follows: Canyon Wren, Carolina Wren, Bewick's Wren, House Wren, Marsh Wren, Rock Wren, Sedge Wren and Winter Wren. By JJ. The Rock Wren is an open-country bird, larger than most wrens, that is usually found near—wait for it—a bunch of rocks. In many places in the West, the Bewick’s wren produces the local “mystery song.” Call: variable, but many notes with raspy or buzzy quality, some quite loud. The Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) was designated the state bird of Arizona in 1931. They are at home in gardens and parks in cities and suburbs. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Bewicks Wren on pronouncekiwi. (Laskey 1946) Dr. Sutton found no evidence of this (Bent)] Egg size increases with each egg laid. . Let us send you the latest in bird and conservation news. However, house wrens and Bewick’s wren’s had coexisted for decades in some portions of the Midwest, and Bewick’s wrens disappeared from many regions before the appearance of house wrens (Wilcove 1990). How High Should A Wren House Be Placed. @myklj999 (50429) United States. Visit your local Audubon center, join a chapter, or help save birds with your state program. A Winter Wren’s two-note call was recorded on the Queen Charlotte Islands in November of 2015 with another sighting in the Okanagan of British Columbia in December of 2015 without details. For anyone reading this under, say, 30 years old, here’s what a fast-forwarding VCR sounds like. Since 1899 this species seemed to have been re- placed by the Bewick’s Wren (Thryomanes bewicki … October 18, 2019 11:30am CST. Another drab little wren, Rocks blend in very well with their habitat, so listen for their metallic pit-TEE! Finally, look carefully. . The House Wren vs. Bewick’s Wren.-In the summer of 1924 the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon aedon) made its reappearance in this locality as a sum- mer resident in small numbers. Egg size increases with egg order, and the last eggs are the largest. It is usually brown and gray. Cactus wren. If the hole is any bigger you will get House Sparrows. Please read the Group Rules before joining. Sign in to disable ALL ads. Found—surprise!—in arid, cactus-strewn habitats in the Southwest, the Cactus Wren is intricately patterned with a long white eyebrow and a splattering of breast spots. Photo: Matthew Filosa/Audubon Photography Awards. Once you find one, watch them execute cute, deep knee-bends and pivots as they survey their surroundings. Small and brown, they rarely sit still, whether vigorously defending  their nests and territories, pecking for food on the forest floor, or just incessantly chattering away. Egg size increases with egg order, and the last eggs are the largest. Unlike the House Wren, the Bewick's Wren is not known for attacking other birds nests, making multiple dummy nests, or filling up tall nestboxes to the top with nesting material. Unlike the House Wren, the Bewick's Wren is not known for attacking other birds nests, making multiple dummy nests, or filling up tall nestboxes to the top with nesting material. There’s a lot of variety in American wrensong, from the rapid-fire fluting of the Winter and Pacific Wrens to the distinctive cascade of the Canyon Wren. Thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet. Nests in holes in trees or on protected ledges. While similar in appearance to the Carolina wren, it has a long tail that is tipped in white. Legal Notices Privacy Policy Contact Us. These little birds are the largest of the wrens found in the USA, and play an important role in the eco-system. Since 1899 this species seemed to have been re- placed by the Bewick’s Wren (Thryomanes bewicki bewicki). They’re also loud. Bewick's wren (call / song) call, song. They winter in the southern part of the United States and into Mexico. Photo by Shelly Harris. Its historic Next, look down. The Bewick's wren is a wren native to North America. The easiest species to confuse with the Carolina wren is Bewick’s wren, which differs in being smaller but with a longer tail, grayer-brown above and whiter below. I am going to break this down geographically, so feel free to skip down to the sections that cover your part of the country. House Wrens mostly migrate south in the winter, but sometimes may hang around after the … Unlike Sedge Wrens, you won’t have to spend much time searching for the bright and energetic Carolina Wrens. These master vocalists belt out a string of short whistles, warbles, burrs, and trills to attract mates and defend their territory, or scold visitors with raspy calls. It has a chubby appearance. The House Wren is arguably the drabbest of the family, but their ability to live near humans (they’re named House Wrens for a reason) means that they’re a visible companion in many summer yards. Plumage color varies regionally from rusty in more humid regions to gray in desert regions. Carolina and Bewick's wrens are somewhat similar in appearance: both have unstriped backs, clear chests and bellies, and a large white eyestripe. Song: most songs combine 1–5 short, breathy, buzzy, notes (sometimes run together in a short warble) with a longer, often loose, trill. However, the House Wren's expansion, enabled by land-use changes that should also have favored the Bewick's Wren, may be simply coincidental to its decline. . Both like dense tangles of vegetation, but Bewick’s Wren likes drier habitats. Our smallest and darkest wren is the Pacific Wren, only recently recognized as a distinct species apart from the eastern Winter Wren. (Laskey 1946) Dr. Sutton found no evidence of this (Bent)] Egg size increases with each egg laid. Start with these adorable little ducks. Incubation time last 12-15 days. This species will flick and wave and fan its long tail as it chases prey through the undergrowth. For House Wrens, Winter Wrens and Bewick's Wrens, you can make the hole diameter 1 1/8" which is also large enough for black-capped chickadees. It’s preferred habitat of damp meadows and grassy marshes is being lost, and its skulking ways mean it’s hard to track down even when nearby. Pumpkin Bird Feeder Makes a Happy Harvest For Birds, To Help Birds This Winter, Go Easy on Fall Yard Work, Learn to Identify Five Owls by Their Calls, Birdist Rule #106: Go Find Yourself a Bufflehead, Teakettle, Cheeseburger . Like the Winter Wren, Pacifics have an incredibly rapid call, sounding like . Favors dry scrubby areas, thickets in open country, and open woodlands near rivers and streams. Most distinctive is the long, pronounced white eyebrow that helps to distinguish the Bewick’s from the House Wren that it most resembles in the west and southwest. Bewick's Wren nest, with eggs hatching. Ready to move on from Mallards? It is rare for House Wrens t… The tail is barred black and white on the outermost parts while it is brown and black in the middle part. Only the male Bewick’s Wren sings, to defend territory and attract mates. There are nearly 80 species of wrens in the world, all in the Troglodytidae family, but only a few are regular backyard guests. Song is variable, but usually includes high-pitched buzzes and musical trills. Look for them in scrubby habitat from Oklahoma across the Southwest and up the coast to Washington. It often creeps about among fallen logs and dense tangles, behaving more like a mouse than a bird, remaining out of sight but giving an occasional kimp-kimp callnote. Feb 17, 2012 - Bewick's Wrens: Origin, Description, Photos, Diet and Breeding Bushtits share habitat with Bewick’s Wrens but they are smaller and more slender than Bewick's Wrens. Linda Tanner. Really loud. We’re learning all kinds of things today, aren't we? If you're able to see distinct field marks, however, you'll be well on your way to knowing which wren is which. 77 Pins • 36 Followers. These wrens like to live in deciduous woods and wood edges, backyards, parks and gardens. Can This Critically Endangered Bird Survive Australia's New Climate Reality? Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device, Matthew Filosa/Audubon Photography Awards, Perhaps the most dramatic of all wrens is the, All wrens have a habit of cocking their tails, but none so dramatically as the, Linda MacMillan/Audubon Photography Awards, Kathryn Cubert/Audubon Photography Awards, Unlike Sedge Wrens, you won’t have to spend much time searching for the bright and energetic, Gary Robinette/Audubon Photography Awards, “The views expressed in user comments do not reflect the views of Audubon. House Wrens eat insects and spiders. Competition with house wren thought a major factor in the Bewick’s decline, but direct evidence for long-term competitive exclusion not proven. Pacific Wren (formerly Winter Wren, now Troglodytes pacificus, formerly Troglodytes troglodytes ) … Traditionally a resident of the Southeast, Carolinas are expanding their range in all directions. House Wrens are Maryland's most common wren species and are the one most likely to nest in a backyard nest box. The bill is long and slightly curved. bird house. Ironically, competition from the house wren has, in part, led to its steep decline in the East and in parts of its traditional range in the western states. Marsh Wrens are mostly migratory, spending the breeding season mainly in the northern half of the country and wintering in the southern areas and along the coast. . Listen first. Like I said, wrens make a lot of noise both singing and yelling at other birds to get off their lawns. These plain gray birds also lack the Bewick's Wren's white eyebrow stripe. Note white eyebrow and dark barring on the tail. There’s also a difference in the places that Carolina vs. Bewick’s Wrens live, though they can occur side by side. The standard characters used to distinguish them are that the Carolina Wren is buffy to orange underneath (Bewick's is medium to darkish gray), and the Bewick's Wren has white in the tail. Are the Trump Administration's Environmental Rollbacks Built to Last? And WHY won't they fly back out the door without me (and Scar) chasing them for 20 minutes? This songbird has an average length tail which is often cocked over its back. The Eurasian wren has been recorded wading into shallow water to catch small fi Their plumage is often intricate if you are able to study it—featuring barring or spotting—but they rarely sit still enough for a prolonged look. Audubon does not participate in political campaigns, nor do we support or oppose candidates.”. The bird represented under the name of Bewick's Wren I shot on the 19th October, 1821, about five miles from St. Francisville, in the State of Louisiana. Why We Love Wrens . Ironically, competition from the actual, later-arriving House Wren has been partly responsible for its steep decline in the east and parts of its traditional range in the west. Carolina wren. Wrens are cavity-nesting birds, but while some wrens build their own elaborate structures, a few wren species will eagerly investigate artificial structures. If you come across a noisy, hyperactive little bird with bold white eyebrows, flicking its long tail as it hops from branch to branch, you may have spotted a Bewick’s Wren. Canyon wren. House Wrens are found all over the country, wintering in the Southeast and along our southern border but breeding across the lower 48 and into Canada. What’s really hurt Bewick’s Wrens the most, perhaps, is competition from a vicious and blood-thirsty competitor, the House Wren . There are nine species of wrens in North America and eight of these have been reported seen in Canada. Finally, the Winter Wren, which is found all year long down the Appalachians and otherwise migrates between New England and much of Canada and the Southeast. Listen for their high-pitched mechanical chatter in marshes with long grass, and look for them performing complicated gymnastic moves as they grasp swaying marsh grass. When in view, however, its long tail, thin bill, and white line above its eye are distinctive. They’re perhaps our most colorful wren, with a rufous belly and gray head contrasting with a snow-white throat. A small member of the wren family, Bewick’s Wren is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighs about 8-12 grams. Pairs of Bewick's Wrens (pronounced like "Buick") clamber about actively in the brush, exploring tangles and bark crevices, waving their long tails about, giving harsh scolding notes at any provocation. house wren. We protect birds and the places they need. The House Wren is arguably the drabbest of the family, but their ability to live near humans (they’re named House Wrens for a reason) means that they’re a visible companion in many summer yards. Single buzzy or nasal notes may be introduced. Some eggs in a clutch may have more pigmentation than others. These wrens like to live in deciduous woods and wood edges, backyards, parks and gardens. The song of this wren is often mistaken for the Song sparrow in the thickets and open woodlands where it resides. It is suspected that the House Wren, which frequently removes eggs from nests in cavities, was directly responsible for the decline. Curious wren with a long tail that it often holds up. Boisterous and curious medium-sized wren with a bold white eyebrow stripe. There are nine species of wrens in North America and eight of these have been reported seen in Canada. Check Cornell’s NestWatch website to learn how to attract them to your neighborhood. Found in dry brushy areas, chaparral, scrub, thickets, and open woodlands near streams. Are reportedly good at keeping wasps out of active nestboxes. Wrens are insect eaters for the most part and spend their time on the ground or close to it in trees and bushes searching for prey. It is brown overall with dark barring on the tail and pale gray underparts. This list includes everything from the common Carolina and House Wrens to the rare Bewick’s Wren. Their gruff and unmusical chattering call is synonymous with the desert southwest, and whether you know it, you’ve probably heard it in the background of a Western movie. The Pacific is found all up and down the coast, from southern California to the Aleutian Islands (it’s Alaska’s only breeding wren). They’ll get into shouting matches and physical confrontations with interlopers, including much larger species and humans, and even destroy eggs of other birds. The increased availability of nest boxes may have helped the spread of the House Wren, and therefore the decline of the Bewick’s Wren. Other wrens. It feeds in narrow rock crevices in canyons and the mountains. Bewick’s Wren About The Bewick’s Wren . It seemed the Bewick's wrens were taking an awful long time to make the nest and get things going. Winter wren. Similar looking birds to Bewick's Wren: House Wren Adult/immature, Carolina Wren Adult/immature, Wrentit Adult/immature, ... Bushtits share habitat with Bewick’s Wrens but they are smaller and more slender than Bewick's Wrens. In past times, the Bewick’s Wren ranged over most of North America. House Wrens are Maryland's most common wren species and are the one most likely to nest in a backyard nest box. Membership benefits include one year of Audubon magazine and the latest on birds and their habitats. Smooth with little or no gloss, unlike House Wren. The Cactus Wren is located in the most southern states. Birds from San Francisco Bay south to Monterey, California, have less rusty coloring than birds farther north. House Wrens are found all over the country, wintering in the Southeast and along our southern border but breeding across the lower 48 and into Canada. House Wren is similar but has a much less prominent eyebrow than Bewick's Wren, it is more patterned in the wings and flanks, and generally warmer in tone (photo below). Arid rocky canyons and seemingly barren piles of boulders are home to this active little bird, the palest of our wrens. A familiar backyard bird, the House Wren was named long ago for its tendency to nest around human homes or in birdhouses. House Wrens also can be found open forests, parks, gardens, and towns. The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation. Most of this decline is blamed on the expansion of House Wrens, who out-compete Bewick's Wrens for nesting sites. Bewick’s Wren About The Bewick’s Wren . Audubon protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow. The Case for Using Real Words to Remember Bird Songs, Birdist Rule #48: Go Find a Swan—a Wild Swan, Help power unparalleled conservation work for birds across the Americas, Stay informed on important news about birds and their habitats, Receive reduced or free admission across our network of centers and sanctuaries, Access a free guide of more than 800 species of North American birds, Discover the impacts of climate change on birds and their habitats, Learn more about the birds you love through audio clips, stunning photography, and in-depth text. Listen first for its halting chatter and then hopefully you’ll get a look at the intricate patterning and barring on the bird’s back and tail. The Bewick’s Wren Birdhouse (same as for house wrens, winter wrens and brown creepers) has a 4″ by 4″ floor, 8″ inside ceiling, 1 1/4″ diameter entrance hole located 6″ above the floor and ventilation openings. Long-tailed, rather slender wren. Okay, now that we covered that, let’s talk about which species you’re looking for. Smooth with little or no gloss, unlike House Wren. Jul 31, 2019 - Explore DON EFFINGER's board "wren" on Pinterest. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards, Great Egret. hmmm . This is a public group administered by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, located in Sapsucker Woods, Ithaca, New York. They are as follows: Canyon Wren, Carolina Wren, Bewick's Wren, House Wren, Marsh Wren, Rock Wren, Sedge Wren and Winter Wren. It’s the least you can do. These plain gray birds also lack the Bewick's Wren's white eyebrow stripe. He looks for any crevice, old woodpecker holes, and man-made nest boxes. Differences: Carolina Wren vs. Bewick’s and House Wrens. Marsh Wrens, on the other hand, prefer more isolated, marshy habitats. wren Collection by DON EFFINGER. Our email newsletter shares the latest programs and initiatives. For House Wrens, Winter Wrens and Bewick's Wrens, you can make the hole diameter 1 1/8" which is also large enough for black-capped chickadees. Look for Bewick’s Wren in the denser areas of mesquite woodlands and desert scrub. Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii. Slightly smaller overall than the eastern Carolina Wren, Bewick’s has a brown back and a bold white stripe over the eye. Some bird guides eschew words for more literal translations of a bird's song, but doing so ignores the point of mnemonic devices: aiding memory. Make sure to place the house on an outside branch and not deep into the foliage. It was standing as nearly as can be represented in the position in which you now see it, and upon the prostrate trunk of a … The Bewick's wren is no where to be seen. Eggs are oval or rounded oval, white with irregular brown, reddish brown, purple or gray spots/dots often concentrated in a ring on the larger end. Carolina Wrens are more reddish-brown above and pale cinnamon below whereas Bewick's Wrens are browner above and grayish below. The Carolina Wren. Scientists believe that the rapid expansion of the House Wren is … Read more It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. You can find them breeding in the Great Lakes states and wintering in the Southeast. They’re tiny and mouselike, seen bouncing along dark, damp areas like streambanks and under fallen logs. If you want to attract House Wrens use nesting boxes with a 1 1/8 inch entry hole. A 1 1/4" hole will allow Carolina Wrens and White-breasted Nuthatches to use the box, but also will allow unwanted house sparrows to enter as well. They clamber along cliff faces, using their long bill and flattened head to reach deep into crevices for insects. Heavy … call in appropriate areas. In other words, wrens don't mess around. Bewick's Wren. Also during breeding season, Male House Wrens start building several nests at once in hopes of persuading a female to mate with him. This is a place for people to post, share, and discuss pictures of birds, whether you have ID questions, you're documenting plumages, you saw something rare, or just like how your bird photo turned out. Rock wren. Typically, these begin with two or more high, quick introductory notes, drop into a lower, burry phrase, and end on a high trill. You will see him bring in sticks up to 5 inches to build a twig platform. bewicks wren. Overwhelmed and Understaffed, Our National Wildlife Refuges Need Help. Spread the word. Albatrosses (4) American sparrows, towhees and juncos (40) Auks, murres and puffins (9) Bird of … Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards, Marsh Wren. A plain brown bird with an effervescent voice, the House Wren is a common backyard bird over nearly the entire Western Hemisphere. Cute Birds Pretty Birds Small Birds Little Birds Colorful Birds Beautiful Birds Animals Beautiful Cute Animals Exotic Birds. In some areas, taking over nest sites (and destruction of eggs or nestlings) is the primary reason for nesting failure for Prothonatory Warblers (Walkinshaw 1941 etc. Our largest wren is the long-tailed Cactus Wren. . Assemble with screws fit to pre-drilled pilot holes and secure hinged roof with shutter hooks. . House Wrens mostly migrate south in the winter, but sometimes may hang around after the first frost if suet is offered in feeders. Bewick's Wren nest, with eggs hatching. They can be found from the eastern Midwest all the way to the Pacific Coast. Plumage varies regionally from rusty-brown in humid regions to gray in drier regions in the U.S. Why do the Bewick's Wrens keep thinking this is a wren-house? It is usually brown and gray. Carolina wrens are different than house wrens. House Wrens are smaller with shorter tails than Bewick's Wrens. Now this morning the house wren is hanging around the gourd singing his loud "victory" song. You can place a wren house near your garden for natural control of many garden insect pests. Sedge wren. The easiest species to confuse with the Carolina wren is Bewick's wren, which differs in being smaller but with a longer tail, grayer-brown above and whiter below. These master vocalists belt out a string of short whistles, warbles, burrs, and trills to attract mates and defend their territory, or scold visitors with raspy calls. Wrens aren’t our flashiest birds, but they more than make up for it with their big personalities. (As you'll soon notice, the people who named the wren species were not very creative.) A 1 1/4" hole will allow Carolina Wrens and White-breasted Nuthatches to use the box, but also will allow unwanted house sparrows to enter as well. Top Wins for Birds 2020: State Efforts to Address Climate Change, The Border Wall Has Been 'Absolutely Devastating' for People and Wildlife, Rulers of the Upper Realm, Thunderbirds Are Powerful Native Spirits. Also at home in gardens, residential areas, and parks in cities and suburbs. A small member of the wren family, Bewick’s Wren is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighs about 8-12 grams. And there probably is a wren around, no matter where in America you are. Mount or hang the house five to ten feet high in or near a tree or shrub. Look for its stubby cocked tail as it bounces around the understory, and listen to its rapid call, which this time I’ll describe as . Bewick’s (pronounced Buicks) Wren – (approx. let’s see . But before we get to specifics, let’s quickly cover how to look for your wrens. A secretive little bird of dense woods. Males and females build a cup-shaped nest with grasses, rootlets, and leaves inside a hole in a tree or on a protected ledge. It eats insects and spiders, which it gleans from vegetation or finds on the ground. ), Tree Swallows (Tuttle 1991), and Bluebirds (Pinkowski/Radunzel 1997).