This is due to the body’s response to fear and pain. The progesterone will stimulate the glands in the endometrium which secretes mucus to thicken the uterus lining until placenta forms. For HSC purposes, an organism CANNOT adapt to its environment during its lifetime. Part of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution states that genetic variation is present in a population. Bees, wind and water can be transport methods of pollens grain to stigma of another plant for cross pollination. The insertion of therapeutic proteins to substitute the absence or low level of protein produced via natural, in-vivo protein synthesis due to a defective gene may be a substitute of gene therapy. Over time, the new population will predominately be made up of organisms with favourable characteristics that allow them to tolerate the new environmental conditions. reindeer and human) and explore how their reproduction systems work. Pesticides are also toxic to fish as it can reduce the fish’s ability to regulate its internal temperature which can affect enzymes’ ability to catalyse necessary metabolic processes like cellular respiration to sustain life. The extraction process involves using a gene splicing technique in recombinant DNA technology. Gametogenesis can be divided into spermatogenesis (producing sperm) and oogenesis (formation of matured egg cells). We will explore more about alleles next week. HSC Course Notes. Cloning is another artificial reproduction method that involves the production of genetically identical species. Mushroom is a type of fungi where the mushroom cap is above the hyphae spread along the stem and to the mushroom cap. Biology, defined as the scientific study of life, is an incredibly broad and diverse field. LH will also be produced by the pituitary gland which will encourage further progesterone production from the corpus luteum resulting in a spike progesterone level. The environmental agent is refers to the environmental change. Over 70% of our students achieve a 97+ ATAR. Question 1: Distinguish between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction [4 marks], Question 2: Describe how reproduction fits into Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection [6 marks], Question 3: Explain the process of hormonal control before and during pregnancy of mammals [6 marks], Question 4: Explain how the continuity of a species is achieved and maintained [4 marks], Question 5: Define the term ‘environmental agent’ and provide an example [2 marks], Question 6: Define the term ‘adaptation’ [1 mark], Question 7: Explain how an organism derives its favourable characteristics [3 marks], Question 8: Describe the difference between structural, physiological and behavioural adaptations [6 marks], Question 9: Describe how fungi asexually and sexually reproduce [6 marks], Question 10: Outline the process of binary fission [3 marks], Artificial reproduction belongs to the sexual reproduction category. Golden Rice can help reduce vitamin A deficiency conditions that are suffered by millions of people globally. 1 mark = Definition of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, 1 mark = Relating reproduction variation in Darwin’s Theory, 1 mark = Explaining how variation occurs during reproduction (crossing over, independent assortment, etc), 1 mark = Relating reproduction to allow genetic materials to be passed onto offspring. As there is no cell nucleus in bacteria, there will not be the splitting of cell nucleus. This inherently involved the risk of contacting and receiving blood-borne diseases. HSC biology. Model the process of polypeptide synthesis - Translation. HSC 2004, Q27 It explores the application of biology and its significance in finding solutions to health and sustainability issues in a changing world. Mass artificial insemination activities will lead to the same favourable offspring by crossing over the same male and female over and over again. Despite this, the parent of the offspring has favourable characteristics (adaptations) to allow the parent to tolerate the selective pressures of the ambient environment, asexual reproduction allows the parent to produce offspring with IDENTICAL genetic information (no genetic variation) that codes for the same favourable characteristics (e.g. 1 mark = Appropriate example of an environmental agent. In 2013, the green fluorescent protein can be obtained from a DNA segment in jellyfish and be inserted into rabbits’ embryos to produce glow-in-the-dark rabbits. Now that we have explored asexual and sexual reproduction with examples, let’s see what they involve beyond differences between number of parents involved and genetic variation in offspring that we have mentioned at the beginning of this notes. The two daughter cells are clones of the parent somatic cell, that is, they both have identical genetic information as their parent. This usually occur when the environmental conditions are favourable for the fungi. Secondly, the unique ethical responsibilities of stakeholders are required to be addressed and communicated globally. Over time, the genetic variation in the species’s population will decrease as most of the species have the same adaptations. HSC Biology HSC Physics HSC English Our Mission Join Our Community we #simplify your HSC success . The main sources of variation are: Mutation of DNA as a result of environmental factors, Independent assortment and random segregation during meiosis. On average our students achieve a 92 in Biology. The smart way to prepare for your HSC. Species diversity is also important as we rely on a range of plants, microbes, terrestrial organisms as well as aquatic organisms to manufacture a variety of goods. Note that most pollen grains contain two male gametes. For example, through recombinant DNA technology, biotechnologists use a restriction enzyme to cut DNA segments in jellyfish that are responsible for their glow-in-the-dark feature and the same restriction to cut out same section of DNA from rabbits. The gametes fuse with one purpose – to form a zygote, single cell with 46 chromosomes. Thus, the increase in genetic variation would reduce the probability of mass extinction and ‘ensures’ (supports) the continuity of a species. HSC biology. However, asexual reproduction tends to occur at a faster rate than sexual reproduction. Since clones are genetically identical, mass cloning activities would make the entire cloned population susceptible to an entire wipeout. success one hsc physics past hsc questions and answers 2001 2004 by topics and 2004 2008 by papers Oct 01, 2020 Posted By R. L. Stine Media Publishing TEXT ID 098b19cd Online PDF Ebook Epub Library hsc trials we have made available free to download pdf extracts from our bestselling excel series including essential skills success one and more so you can get a taste of Over many generations of reproduction, the population will predominately made up of the offsprings with favourable characteristics. This means that cross pollination involves two plants. Another ethics lies in the area of whether or not the increased global food availability and reduction nutritional deficiency used as justifications for biotechnology are actually being prioritised in supporting the people located in developing countries that require the support the most. Written by Matrix Science Team The Matrix Science Team are teachers and tutors with a passion for Science and a dedication to seeing Matrix Students achieving their academic goals. The mother of the offspring can be of an old age (over the age of 70) when her children is born. Strawberry plants can develop runners which are stems extending from the plant and along the soil. Also, due to lower dosage required, the effect of pesticides runoffs into ambient waterways that are harmful to fish can be reduced (although this is an environmental implication rather than societal). Another ethical issue involves biotechnology reducing biodiversity (in the form of genetic variation) with the majority of the farmers will shift towards using genetically modified food including crops and aquatic organisms having the same genes and potentially outcompeting their respective variants in the population. We will now examine reproduction for mammals specifically! Most of our contemporary knowledge of fertilisation in mammals comes from laboratory testing with mice gametes. There are other models that deals with the origin of life and such as the RNA world hypothesis but they are not complete. Species Diversity â€“ refers to the total variety or types of species living on Earth. Aquacultures used to culture aquatic organisms facilitates the discovery of genes that produce new transgenic species that would be beneficial for medical biotechnology (i.e. Extension Question #1: Discuss the ethical issues that may arise when using employing reproductive technologies in supporting the continuity of species. On average our students achieve a 92 in Biology. The bud separates from its parent fungus when it grows to a sufficient size to be able support itself independently. Biology is the science of living beings. Don’t worry if you don’t know what genes and alleles are, we will look into their definitions and role in genetics in Week 2. Binary fission is most commonly performed by unicellular organisms such as bacteria, though some multiceullar organisms can reproduce asexually via binary fission too. Reproduction plays an important role during Darwin’s Theory of Evolution via Natural Selection. Asexual reproduction: Asexual reproduction is the process of forming an offspring (usually a cell) from just ONE parent through cell division. This implantation process onto the walls establishes blastocyst’s access to nutrients to develop into an embryo (blood vessels surrounding the blastocyst carries blood which has dissolved nutrients), Embyro develops into a fetus (approx 5-11 weeks). Moreover, as humans are only a small category of species residing on Earth, there are questions pertaining to the equal rights other plant and animal species to survive and whether humans should dictate the survival of many categories of species? (You will learn more about this in later modules). Artificial pollination is used to produce offsprings with favourable characteristics, that are the mix of the two plants. The last component of biodiversity is ecosystem diversity. Understand the structure of Years 11 and 12 – Preliminary followed by the HSC 2. Well, the ethical implication that comes along with gene therapy involves whether or not gene therapy should be performed on germ cells. These egg cells are then placed in a petri dish to be fertilised with sperm cells. Depending on the cell division process, there may be many names. Sexual spores are developed when opposite gender hyphae are combined together to develop a sporing-producing structure known as zygospore. These fungi are haploid as most fungi spend their lives as haploid organisms until time of sexual reproduction where hyphae combine to form a diploid zygospore to produce haploid sexual spores. This is performed to reproduce an offspring with favourable characteristics of both parents. from migration) that is competing for the same food resource as the existing population, a new predator, introduction of chemicals into the environment – e.g. So, essentially, the gamete undergoes mitosis to develop into a drone bee which will have a diploid chromosome number. new predator introduced to kill the unicorns, sudden large drop in temperature, a virus, etc). Our notes are designed to get you top marks. Some of the current risks pertaining to gene therapy are the event where too many or too few proteins are specified, the patient’s immune response triggers inflammation and many more that would threaten the health of the individual. This will always decrease genetic variation as the offspring are genetically identical to its parent. It is now clear that preserving biodiversity is important. IVF can bypass the fertility issues of many couples rendering them having a low probability in producing an offspring. So, in the last part of this week’s material, we will turn to some real life application examples of humans applying scientific knowledge in genetics and reproduction to create AWESOME variations in plants and animals! These developments were so far-reaching and numerous that they are generally categorized by generations. Conquer. The future of medical biotechnology holds the advancements in gene therapy which is currently in its infancy. Fertilisation occurs inside the ovule where the pollen can fertilise the ovule where male gametes are combined with the ovum inside the ovule forming a zygote. Each chromosome moves to each side of the cell. 4. Furthermore, genes that specify for cytokines production can also be inserted into the affected organism’s DNA to stop the growth of or remove cancer cells. Once the pollen is on the stigma, it can grow a pollen tube which runs down the style of the plant and eventually into the ovary of the plant which produces the ovules which contains female gametes (ovum or ova) of the plant. Thank you BoredofStudies for offering your many years of support to high school students! The enzymes in living organisms are sensitive to temperature and thus extreme temperatures would hinder the operations of metabolic processes and can result in death. 107 likes. Endorphin hormones are released to increase concentration and relief pain to focus on the delivery of offspring. This subject of manipulating evolution brings forth the idea of â€œplaying as/with god” in which western religions, such as Islamic and Christian religions, strongly disapprove as regard as disrespectful. 1 mark = Provide an example of sexual and asexual reproduction. Some farmers may want their crops to be genetically identical because they have the favourable traits. It involves the transfer of pollen from one plant to the stigma of a different plant. However, this is not for sunflowers as they do not grow fruits XD. Dolly was successfully cloned using a sheep’s (sheep A) mammary gland (a group of somatic/body cells). This results in the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinising hormones (LH) to encourage follicle (and its containing oocytes) to develop inside the ovaries. 1 marks = A factor that distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction (genetic variation, number of parents, mitosis vs meiosis, performed using germ cell verses somatic cell, etc). Upon successful implantation, it will encourage the corpus luteum to secrete more oestrogen and progesterone. We will examine why this is the case when we do Punnett Squares in Week 4 where we learn about homozygous and heterozygous alleles for different genes. Investigate the use of data analysis from a large-scale collaborative project to identify trends, patterns and relationships, for example: (ACSBL064, ACSBL073)