The polymorphism stands out during the rainy season and on the humid coast during drought, due to the increase in the unviable dark brown seeds: a consequence of mortality of dormant seeds with increasing humidity. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Rattlebox (Crotalaria) Species at JDSP Worldwide, there are over 600 species in the genus Crotalaria, also commonly known as rattlebox, rattlepod, shake shake, or devil-bean. Letters compare the final percentage of absorbed water. Bermuda, New Yourk Botanic Garden Press, New York. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Legumes of Africa a check-list: 1-619. Australian Plant Census (APC) Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria. Oceanic islands 2 Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Togo, Tanzania, Thus, some variation in the proportion of dormant and quiescent forms among. In the seeds of Crotalaria retusa L. the chromatic gradient, from yellow to brown, correlates directly with the tegument permeability degree. In seasonally dry environments the increase in viability of dormant seeds with aridity determines the prevalence of dormancy in the drought and quiescence during the rainy period. One aspect that should be considered is that the unviable seeds, as well as the quiescent ones, concentrate oxidized phenols in the seed coat. Inviable seeds, which together with the quiescent ones concentrate oxidized phenols on seed coat, may constitute chemical defenses against predation by larvae of U. ornatrix L., whose activity increases significantly in the rainy season. (2018). & De Azevedo Tozzi, A.M.G. Philippines, 2: 1-351. Gabon, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 2: 1-164. 3, 2: 1-282. This seasonal alternation is even more pronounced in the native invaders Mimosa pudica L. and Desmodium incanum L. (unpublished data), which exhibit seed dimorphism similar to that of C. retusa L. While the seasonal variation in somatic dimorphism has a clearly adaptive nature, the variation in color polymorphism appears to be a simple environmental stress effect caused by the increased humidity. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0, Herbarium Catalogue Specimens The yellow seeds (yellow and dark yellow with impermeable seed coat) are dormant, exhibiting a low final germination percentage of circa 20% after 27 days. RBG Kew. Flora of Eastern Karnataka Vol. & Hewson, H.J. Gonzalez, F., Nelson Diaz, J. An Academic Publisher, Somatic Polymorphism Variation in Crotalaria retusa L. Seeds (). Acute intoxication by Crotalaria retusa … Crotalaria retusa: Previous name used in the website: Synonyms: Family name: FABACEAE: English name: Rattle weed: Local name: Kaha andanahiriya (කහ අඬනහිරිය) * Tamil name: Sanskrit name: … Panamá, & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). The predation rate in the populations is directly proportional to the concentration of oxidized phenols (p = 0.004) in the seeds (Figure 6). Upper case letters compare seed mass and the lower cases compare the degree of humidity. Tanzania, & Sachet, M.-H. (1987). Windward Is., (1987). New Caledonia, Spatio-Temporal Variation in Polymorphism and in Predation Rates. Seeds of C. retusa were … Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. The influence of pollen origin on seed color was estimated through the technics of breeding systems analyses. Nepal, Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619. Since dark brown and black seeds are inviable, the C. retusa polymorphism, regarding germination physiology, is in fact a dimophism: yellow seeds with physical dormancy and quiescent brown seeds. Thuan, N. et al. For open pollination the flowers were tagged and monitored. 24(5) :1-425 Leguminosae. Roy. Fl. (eds.) (2008). The oxidative browning, in which the phenols are oxidized to o-quinones that react by producing brown polymers [39] [40] , is observed during the aging of several plant tissues and it is associated with the production of antimicrobial agents and oxygen reactive species, which act as chemical defenses against predators and pathogens [24] [40] . (2001). in Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete, Theile C: 204 (1895). RBG Kew. The variation in the degree of polymorphism and in predation rate was compared by Two-way ANOVA, the decomposing variance as an effect attributed to the season (temporal variation) or to the habitat (spatial variation). Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Cayman Is., Field Museum of Natural History. The prevalence of temporal variation over spatial variation indicates that the plasticity is phenotypic, which leads us to reject the hypothesis expressed in the introduction, that the largest polymorphism in the littoral could represent an ecotypic adaptation. Legumineuses. (1990). Fieldiana, Bot. The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. (2002). Seeds of tested species were able to germinate in ULO contaminated soil. Proportions were arcsine transformed before statistical analysis to ensure homogeneity of variance (non-transformed data appear in all figures). The experiment was performed in two periods: at the height of dry period in October and at the height of rainy period in March. Flora of West Tropical Africa Vertical bars denote the standard error. Checklist and Index. (2003). Pope, G.V., Polhill, R.N. Costa Rica, References 1. In somatic dimorphism dormant and quiescent seeds of C. retusa L. develop in the same fruit by distinct metabolic pathways, not by heterocrony. Autogamy reduces the polymorphism by favoring the formation of hard seeds, while cross-pollination keeps significant proportions of quiescent seeds, maintaining the polymorphism (Pollination effect F = 4.29, p = 0.045). Sri Lanka, Honduras, Yellow seeds; Dark yellow; Brown; Dark brown; Black. (2003). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. The chromatic polymorphism increases on the more humid coast and during Réunion, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone Polhill, R, M. (1990). B. J. Bosser et a, Robertson, S. A. Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. The seeds, separated per coat coloration class, were set to germinate in Petri dishes with two sheets of filter paper, permanently humidified with distilled water. The Leguminosae of Madagascar: 1-737. New South Wales, It attracts butterflies in large numbers as it contains chemical precursors for the biosynthesis of male pheromones. Standley, P.C. Table 1 shows that ripe seeds differ in regards to their mass and percentage of humidity. maritima Trimen . variation is a phenotypic response to changes of humidity in the environment Pakistan, 1990). Flora Zambesiaca 3(7): 1-274. Liberia, Nigeria, Unviable seeds accumulate oxidized phenols in their seed (eds.) Harms in A. Engler & O. Drude, Die Vegetation Der Erde, IX, Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 3 (1): 549 (1915). Flora de Nicaragua Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: i-xlii, 1-2666. D'Arcy, W.G. Maluku, (eds.) Zaïre, Art and Illustrations in Digifolia The predation rates also exhibit greater temporal variation than spatial variation, being significantly greater in the rainy season (F = 20.68, p < 0.0001). 2.3. Table 1. The later produce an exudate and an odor associated with rotting, during the first 72 hours of hydration, indicating that these seeds are unviable. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Oman, 1692pp J. Cramer, Polhill, R. M. (1982). Situated in the equatorial region, in the transition from the Amazon forest to the semi-arid region, it is found in Aw climate or tropical hot and wet with summer and autumn rains, according to the Köppen classification. The predation of reproductive structures has a profound effect on the evolution of adaptive response [31] and the spatio-temporal variation in the predation rate can influence both selection on plants traits and its population dynamic [32] . & Mosnier, M. (1972). Asynchrony is generated by somatic polymorphism: A dormancy mechanism in which a single individual produces different morphophysiological types of seeds, and that is restricted to a small number of families such as Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae [6] [7] . Pandey, R.P. Peru, Jacobi et al. The Leguminosae of Madagascar. The polymorphism in C. retusa seeds is characterized as a gradient from yellow to very dark brown seed coat, denominated as black seeds here (Figure 1). It is poisonous to livestock, … The results were correlated with the seasonal variation of humidity in the environment and seed predation rates. A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Saudi Arabia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. Nobre VMT et al. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ Jamaica, Cocos (Keeling) Is., Dolichos cuneifolius Forssk. Andr., The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2: 182 (1952). Since autogamy tends to reduce the genetic polymorphism [16] , polymorphic changes between habitats in self-compatible species may not reflect genetic differences between populations, but differences in selfing rates. • Growth of Crotalaria retusa L. enhanced by low ULO contamination levels.. C. retusa L. exhibited a greater tolerance to ULO contaminated.. (1989). A significant effect of autogamy can be observed through manual pollination, in Figure 5. An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500. Desc. Flora of Panama. Nicaragua, Mauritius, (1946). Missouri Botanical Garden. E. Africa, Milne-Redhead & Polhill, Leon, H. & Alain, H. (1951). Spatio-temporal variation in polymorphism and in predation rates was estimated between the habitats, on the coast and inland, in two seasons: at the height of the dry season in October and at the height of the rainy season in March. the predation rate by larvae of, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhao State, Sao Luís, Brasil, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Figure 1. In each season there were four inland and four coastal populations sampled, which were selected as grouped individuals occurring spontaneously or inland, at least 5 km from the coast, or in the primary dunes along the urbanized coast. (eds.) Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. The degree of polymorphism and the predation rates were estimated by comparing the numbers of seeds in each seed coat coloration class and the number of fruits preyed on, in a random sample of 20 fruits per individual, with a total of ten individuals per population. The variation of the predation rate explains approximately 50% of the variation in the concentration of oxidized phenols (r2 = 0.51). Cambodia, We would also like to thank Dr. Emília C. Girnos for revising the manuscript and for the constructive hours of discussion. Flora of the Sultanate of Oman. Manual de plantas de Costa Rica volumen V. Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae-Gunneraceae) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 119: 1-970. volume 2. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar. In C. retusa, root modifications and rhizodegradation are strategies for tolerance.. C. retusa … Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Belize with Common Names an Uses: 1-246. We performed manual pollination and germination experiments, and monitored the behavior of C. retusa … Wu, Z. Michael Jones, The Gambia College. Different letters indicate statistically distinct values (p < 0.05). Featured: Lysimachia arvensis Willis, J. C. & Gardiner, J. S. (1901). Brazil Northeast, Legumes of Malesia a Check-List: 1-295. Dominican Republic, 5840 Crotalaria retusa - seeds. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. 2. A Checklist: 1-536. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. China Southeast, However, the variety ‘Tropic Sun’ is non-toxic (USDA-NRCS, 2009). (eds.) Lock, J.M. Crotalaria retusa. Flora of the Gilbert Island, Kiribati, Checklist Atoll Research Bulletin 295: 1-33. Flora of Saudi Arabia, ed. Flora Zambesiaca Niger, Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (2006). click on a thumbnail to view an image, or see all the Crotalaria thumbnails at the Plants Gallery Steve Hurst. Very easy to grow, not demanding and fast growing. weather conditions. L. seeds. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. Chromatic polymorphism in C. retusa L. seeds. Sikarwar, R.L.S. Bismarck Archipelago, (eds.) Backhuys Publishers. Trop. Colombo. Bak. The seeds of Crotalaria spp. This effect remains in both periods (season effect not significant, F = 2.93, p = 0.095), despite the high seed mortality in the rainy season. (2008). & Monro, A. Seeds for sale starting at € 4.50. In all of the tests, the significance level adopted was 5% [34] . The sample was composed of three replicates of ten seeds each. B. et al. Thailand, & Falcão da Silva, M. (2013). Seeds of C. retusa were found in large amounts in the rumen of the dead animals. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, Flora Zambesiaca Phenolic compounds inhibit the enzymatic activity in fungi, bacteria and virus, as well as slow growth and reproduction in insects [27] [28] . Wilczek in Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi, 4: 90 (1953). As the same way, Two-way ANOVA was used in the breeding system analyses to compare differences between self and cross pollination in the dormancy/quiescence ratio (R = D/D + Q). (2008). Samoa, The seed mass and its humidity percentage were estimated for each seed coat color class in randomly collected mature seed samples from 20 individuals. The data were obtained by weighing seeds, before and after oven drying at 100˚C for 72 hours. World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Kew, Strahm, W. (1989). Seeds contain 34.6% crude protein (Duke, 1983). Brazil Southeast, (1979). We focused on its reproductive biology and pollinator behavior to explain its reproductive success. 2015. Yemen, Andaman Is., (eds.) Polymorphism is apparently more accentuated in coastal populations, suggesting an ecotypic adaptation to the environment. Each individual may produce yellow dormant seeds, brown quiescent seeds and unviable dark brown ones. Sumatera, F. W. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador: 1-1181. Chad, (1978). A check list of the flowering plants of Sri Lanka. Nelson Sutherland, C.H. Correlation between phenol content and predation rate. Avendaño, N. (2011). Dy Phon, P. (2000). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: 1-328. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). Our thanks to the zoologists Dr. Vitor O. Becker and Dr. Marcio Romero for identifying Utetheisa ornatrix L. larvae and adults. Lejoy, J., Ndjele, M.-B. (1982). seeds and pods. Mali, Between the habitats, the predation was significantly greater in coastal populations in the dry season, however significantly greater in the inland populations during the rainy season (F = 8.39, p = 0.013). Belize, The Checklist of the vascular plants of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea) Phytotaxa 171: 1-78. da Silva e Silva, W.L., Cajueiro Gurgel, E.S., Moreira dos Santos, J.U. Stegelmeier BL et al. Devil Bean, Rattleweed, Shack Shack. © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. & Dilwakar, P.G. Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. Hacker, J. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Germination of the Crotalaria retusa L polymorphic seeds. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2020. 2.5. It is a consequence of the increase in viability of dormant hard seeds under arid climate; which induces the predominance of dormancy in drought, quiescence during the rainy season and equitable proportions of the two forms on the wettest coastline during drought. Townsville. Many species in the genus Crotalaria, including the … Senegal, Flora of Bermuda: 1-585. Plants of Tonga Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 220: 1-283. Missouri Botanical Garden. The coastal populations are common in primary dunes near a high tide line, local where they exhibit the characteristic prostrated habit, which is considered a typical adaptation to the environmental extremes of the ecosystem [5] . IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris. Somalia, (1989 publ. The variation in chromatic polymorphism is also predominantly seasonal as a consequence of dormant seed mortality under wetter weather conditions. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville. Ethiopia, Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. This restricted diet can be an efficient control mechanism of larval populations of U. ornatrix L. during the rainy season. Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Campus. The dark yellow and brown forms stand out both due to their greater mass, a characteristic of unequivocal adaptive value [35] [36] [37] , as well as by their quantity, comprising between 50% and 80% of all seeds produced. Trinidad-Tobago, Polymorphism Characterization: Determination of the Mass, Humidity Percentage and Seed Water Absorption Rate. Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. (1994). Bak. (2012). The rattleweed Crotalaria retusa was introduced in Brazil from Africa, and combines a series of characters that have ensured its establishment in NE Brazil. & Raven, P.H. Crotalaria incana: Leaflets mostly 1 cm wide. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Dicotyledoneae Part 1. In all treatments, the fruit/flower ratio (R) and the number of seeds per fruit (S) were higher in the dry season. Queensland, Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. Vietnam, The chromatic gradient, from yellow to brown, is directly proportional to the seed coat permeability degree, with yellow seeds exhibiting seed coat impermeability, not absorbing water or absorbing it very slowly, after 16 hours of continuous hydration. Crotalaria lanceolata seeds were 1.23 times more toxic than C. pallida seeds to the poultry assessed in this study, resembling the toxicity of C. retusa described by Hooper & Scanlan (1977) and that of C. … MacKee, H.S. We, show that The article describes the somatic polymorphism in Crotalaria retusa L. seeds. (eds.) George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Lock, J.M. yellows) have a matching degree of moisture (F = 0.002, p = 0.95), which is significantly less than the brown, dark brown and black seeds (F = 69, p < 0.001). Puerto Rico, Bahamas, The Effect of Autogamy in Polymorphism. Taiwan, (2016-continuously updated). sept. 2005: 1-158. These plants get their name from the sound made when their pod-like fruit is shaken, causing the seeds … Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants, metabolism and toxicity. Missouri Botanical Garden. Kenya, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. (Project Coordinators) (2014). Its proportion increases Letters compare the final proportion of germinated seeds. We show that autogamy reduces dimorphism, favoring the formation of dormant seeds… & Martins, E.S. Impermeability occurs in the yellow seeds, which are more dehydrated in maturation. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2010). Balslav, H. & Chantaranothai, P. (2018). Each individual may produce yellow dormant seeds, brown SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux. Plant Red Data Book for Rodrigues, Howard, R. A. et al. Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effec of vegetable extracts Crotalaria juncea cultivated under different spacing and plants densities on the germination of weed (Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer), Bidens pilosa L. and Euphorbia heterophilla L.).The study consisted in 2 phases: phase 1st stage planting of Crotalaria … 3.4. We have seen Crotalaria retusa, which is commonly called Rattleweed sometimes being sold in California incorrectly as Crotalaria agatiflora The information on this page is based on research conducted about this plant in the San Marcos Growers library, from online … Leeward Is., Crotalaria L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae) in continental Southeast Asia Phytotaxa 320: 1-74. (1989). Flora de Cuba 2:224-367 Leguminosas, Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. Thenumber of brown seeds (brown, dark brown and black seeds) in the 16 populations previously sampledwas used as an index of chemical defenses, and its proportion correlated with the rate of predation. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps. Lesser Sunda Is., Browse pictures and read growth / cultivation information about Crotalaria Species, Rattleweed, Wedge-Leaf Rattlepod, Yellow Lupin, Yellow Rattlebox (Crotalaria retusa… Flowering Plants of Seychelles. [2] considered that the predominance of C. retusa in the coastal landscape in the northeastern Brazil seems to fundamentally depend on the success in attracting its main pollinators: native bees Xylocopa sp. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium … Provided by ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory . West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, Gillett, J. Lebrun, J.-P., Audru, J., Gaston, A. & Celis, M. Crotalaria retusa has been found in the following 23 conservation areas: Occurrence Native Status Bill Sadowski Park: Present Not Native, Naturalized Crystal Lake Sand Pine Scrub Natural Area: Present … Guyana, Suriname, (1987). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Govaerts, R. (1999). Different letters indicate statistically distinct values (p < 0.05). Laos, This oxidative browning has been positively correlated with thicker cell walls that provide greater mechanical restraint and reduced permeability to water and/or gases, ways in which the seed coat exerts its germination restrictive action [22] [23] [24] . The experiment was performed with four replicates of 50 seeds each. Back to 18: 20: 20: Leaflets hairy on both surfaces; lateral leaflets much reduced, usually less than half the length of terminal leaflet. Velayos, M., Barberá, P., Cabezas, F.J., de la Estrella, M., Fero, M. & Aedo, C. (2014). 1971, Kenya, Missouri Botanical Garden. (1990). With relatively constant photo and thermoperiods (around 12 hours of light per day and an average annual temperature of 32˚C/26˚C) the region displays pronounced seasonality in rainfall.