Many are categorized as German philosophers or Austrian philosophers, but some are neither German nor Austrian by ethnicity or nationality. (Macmillan2) 2nd edition (Donald M. Borchert, chief editor), 2006, ISBN 0-02-865780-2, (Metzler) Metzler Philosophen Lexikon: von den Vorsokratikern bis zu den Neuen Philosophen, 3rd ed., Bernd Lutz (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2003). The reason for placing Böhme at the very beginning of German philosophy is that Hegel considers him to be a profound thinker, despite his rudimentary education. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. Sir Francis Bacon advocated the use of inductive reasoning (as opposed to the deductive reasoning used by the rationalists of his day) and is hence known as the father of empiricism. The early modern period was one of the most innovative moments in Western philosophy, during which new theories of mind and matter, of the divine, and of civic society — among others — were proposed.Although its boundaries are not easily settled, the period approximately spanned from the late 1400s to the end of the 18th century. s/he has written multiple articles published in reputable, reliable journals of philosophy and/or written books that were reviewed in such journals. To look up a philosopher you know the name of, click on the first letter of their last name. 0025 BC. It made early use of terms such as epistemology and upheld its prominence over ontology. Wittgenstein did not agree with their interpretation of his philosophy. Below is a chronological list of some of There are no hidden aspects. In the 20th century, hermeneutics took an 'ontological turn'. 10 Modern Philosophers and their Contribution to Education John Locke and the Tabula Rasa Locke (1632-1704), an English philosopher and physician, proposed that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. With this segment, explore some of the famous philosophers of the 20th century. Published: April 18, 2019 Nicolas de Warren and Thomas Vongehr (eds. ), Critique of the Schopenhauerian philosophy, Hermann Lotze: Thought: logic and language, "German Philosophy in the 18th Century Prior to Kant", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_philosophy&oldid=991226036, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 23:37. However, he soon came to disavow Schopenhauer's pessimistic outlook on life and sought to provide a positive philosophy. Kelly Parker, Krzysztof Skowronski (eds. 13 November 0354. Philo. Hegel was hugely influential throughout the nineteenth century; by its end, according to Bertrand Russell, "the leading academic philosophers, both in America and Britain, were largely Hegelian". He was influenced by Eastern philosophy, particularly Buddhism, and was known for his pessimism. Among those influenced by Hegel immediately after his death in 1831 two distinct groups can be roughly divided into the politically and religiously radical 'left', or 'young', Hegelians and the more conservative 'right', or 'old', Hegelians. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s, and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. His poems and thoughts have always seemed to be significantly influenced by the philosopher Xenophanes, leading most historians to believe that he must have been his pupil. Schopenhauer's transcendental idealism leads him to conclude that we only have access to a certain aspect of the thing-in-itself by introspective observation of our own bodies. It follows from this that we can know the form of all possible experience independent of all experience, but nothing else, but we can never know the world from the “standpoint of nowhere” and therefore we can never know the world in its entirety, neither via reason nor experience. In the late 18th and early 19th century, one direct line of influence from Kant is German Idealism. Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-415-22364-4, (Stanford) Peer-reviewed online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers. [25], Frege, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Rutherford (1998) is a detailed scholarly study of Leibniz's. Christian Wolff (1679–1754) was the most eminent German philosopher between Leibniz and Kant. It exhibits intellectual verve and polish, combining lucid expression with tenacious and resolute intellectual inquiry.” (Douglas Hedley, Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol. The artistic genius can achieve this state temporarily, while only a few saints have achieved total cessation throughout history. As a philosopher, I was an outspoken rationalist and humanist. He believed this task to be urgent, as he believed a form of nihilism caused by modernity was spreading across Europe, which he summed up in the phrase "God is dead". I emphasised practical ethics, reflecting the influence of Anglo-Saxon philosophers, French philosophy, and especially the work of 18th Century German philosopher, Johann Gottfried Herder. At age 24, he was the youngest ever appointed tothat post. With Schopenhauer the will is singular, unified and beyond time and space. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, (born June 21 [July 1, New Style], 1646, Leipzig [Germany]—died November 14, 1716, Hannover [Germany]), German philosopher, mathematician, and political adviser, important both as a metaphysician and as a logician and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. First known philosopher. Great German philosophers, musicians, poets, inventors, historians - far too many to mention - have literally shaped this world's way of thinking over the centuries. Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841) (Macmillan2) Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887) (Macmillan2) Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723–1790) (Macmillan2) Bruno Bauer (1809–1882) (Oxford 1995) Jakob Sigismund Beck (1761–1840) (Macmillan2) Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798–1854) (Cambridge; Macmillan2) Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) (Macmillan2; Oxford 1995; Routledge 2000) Ernst Bloch (1885–1977) (Cambridge; Macmillan2; Routledge 2000) Hans Blumenberg (1920–1996) (Metzler) Lud… His father wanted Arthur to become a cosmopolitan merchant … His analysis of will led him to the conclusion that emotional, physical, and sexual desires can never be fulfilled. In effect, apparent flaws that can be identified in this world must exist in every possible world, because otherwise God would have chosen to create the world that excluded those flaws. Hermeneutics is the philosophical theory and practice of interpretation and understanding. It should be noted first and foremost that philosophy in its traditional sense was science - philosophers (like Aristotle) used rationality to come to scientific knowledge of the world around us. Nietzsche had a brilliant school and university career,culminating in May 1869 when he was called to a chair in classicalphilology at Basel. [22] The Heideggerian conception of hermeneutics was further developed by Heidegger's pupil Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002), in his book Truth and Method. Conducted the earliest recorded scientific experiment. Books from the group, like Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s Dialectic of Enlightenment and Adorno’s Negative Dialectics, critiqued what they saw as the failure of the Enlightenment project and the problems of modernity. 10 modern philosophers and their contribution to education 1. Unfortunately, many of these names have already fallen into oblivion and if you wish to read them you will have to study German first, as most was never translated and The book also does a great job in explaining / highlighting the numerous philosophers that lived in the HRE up to Kant. [citation needed], Since the 1960s the Frankfurt School has been guided by Jürgen Habermas' (born 1929) work on communicative reason,[23][24] linguistic intersubjectivity and what Habermas calls "the philosophical discourse of modernity". Believed in optimism and that we live in the best of all possible worlds. However, the ethical aspects of neo-Kantian thought often drew them within the orbit of socialism, and they had an important influence on Austromarxism and the revisionism of Eduard Bernstein. No longer was it conceived of as being about understanding linguistic communication, or providing a methodological basis for the human sciences - as far as Heidegger was concerned, hermeneutics is ontology, dealing with the most fundamental conditions of man's being in the world. More broadly understood, it is the study of the most basic and profound matters of human existence. Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano (1838–1917), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). The work of Leibniz also anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or a priori definitions rather than to empirical evidence. Since the publication of his Critique, Immanuel Kant has been considered one of the greatest influences in all of western philosophy. Expelled by the Nazis, the school reformed again in Frankfurt after World War II. This list examines the influence, depth of insight, and wide-reaching interest across many subjects of various "lovers of wisdom," and ranks them accordingly. Kant The reason for this certitude is that the mind imposes its categories of time and space and causation on the flowing stream and gives it shape. The word philosophy comes from the Greek philo (love) and sophia (wisdom) and so is literally defined as “the love of wisdom”. Parmenides was a known follower of Pythagoras, another renowned figure in the philosophical paradigm of ancient Greece. [20] Schleiermacher wondered whether there could be a hermeneutics that was not a collection of pieces of ad hoc advice for the solution of specific problems with text interpretation but rather a "general hermeneutics," which dealt with the "art of understanding" as such, which pertained to the structure and function of understanding wherever it occurs. Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Cornel West (b. In exploring the spirit of German intellectual life and its distinctiveness from that of other countries, Beck devotes whole chapters to four great philosophers — Nicholas of Cusa, Leibniz, Lessing and Kant — and extensively examines many others, including Albertus Magnus, Meister Eckhart, Paracelsus, Kepler, Mendelssohn, Wolff and Herder. Philosophers at the Front: Phenomenology and the First World War. 15 October 0099. He developed an interest in Hegelianism, French socialism and British economic theory. St. Augustine. "18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. MacMillan, Stanford, Routledge, Oxford, Metzler.). Max Scheler (1874–1928) further developed the philosophical method of phenomenology. This is a list of German-language philosophers. The discipline dates back to ancient times with some of the greatest philosophers being Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s,[6] and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. Heidegger himself is often identified as an existentialist, though he would have rejected this. The monads are "substantial forms of being" with the following properties: they are eternal, indecomposable, individual, subject to their own laws, un-interacting, and each reflecting the entire universe in a pre-established harmony (a historically important example of panpsychism). ), An idiosyncratic opponent of German idealism, particularly Hegel's thought, was Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 –1860). Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in Röcken bei Lützen, a small village in Prussia (part of present-day Germany). In 1923, Carl Grünberg founded the Institute for Social Research, drawing from Marxism, Freud's psychoanalysis and Weberian philosophy, which came to be known as the "Frankfurt School". Originally hermeneutics referred to the interpretation of texts, especially religious texts. A founding father of, among other fields, economics and public administration as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing the professional nature of university education. Kant’s idealism first came to prominence during the pantheism controversy in 1785-1786. While some of the seminal philosophers of twentieth-century analytical philosophy were German-speakers, most German-language philosophy of the twentieth century tends to be defined not as analytical but 'continental' philosophy – as befits Germany's position as part of the European 'continent' as opposed to the British Isles or other culturally European nations outside of Europe. This is yet another respect in which he differentiates his philosophy from that of Schopenhauer. The alphabetical list of philosophers is so large it had to be broken up into several pages. What enabled 19th-century culture to pursue the scientific quest and regain confidence in spiritual truth was the work of the German idealist philosophers, beginning with Immanuel Kant. The reason for placing Böhme at the very beginning of German philosophy is that Hegel considers him to be a profound thinker, despite his rudimentary education. According to Hegel, Böhme is “the first German philosopher”. His father died in 1849, andthe family relocated to Naumburg, where he grew up in a householdcomprising his mother, grandmother, two aunts, and his younger sister,Elisabeth. (Sassen) Brigitte Sassen. Although they drew from Marxism, they were outspoken opponents of Stalinism. Early Modern German Philosophy (1690-1750) makes some of the key texts of early German thought available in English, in most cases for the first time. Postmodernists consider the Frankfurt school to be one of their precursors. (often referred to as the Classical or Socratic period of philosophy). However, he deviates from Schopenhauer in important respects. His problem, then, was how to live a positive life considering that if you believe in God, you give in to dishonesty and cruel beliefs (e.g. My life motto was: Nebát se a nekrást (Do not fear and do not steal). Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-16917-8. And here the master’s claim was viewed as paradox, at best; the Prussian regime indeed provided extensive civil and social services, good universities, high employment and some industrialization, but it was ranked as rather backward politically compared with the more liberal constitutional monarchies of France and Britain. Those are divide into the following categories: Cecilia Muratori’s The First German Philosopher is a fine book. The most prominent German idealists in the movement, besides Kant, were Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770–1831) who was the predomina… Makes some of the key texts of early German thought accessible to an English audience for the first time; Curated and translated by a leading historian of German philosophy; Provides detailed introductions and bibliographies of English language material for each text His father, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a … Sir Francis Bacon. Søren Kierkegaard (a Danish philosopher) is frequently included in surveys of German (or Germanic) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.[1][2][3][4]. It is surely one of the most important books from the post-War period on the history of German philosophy. It must be the best possible and most balanced world, because it was created by an all powerful and all knowing God, who would not choose to create an imperfect world if a better world could be known to him or possible to exist. 56 (2), April, 2018) Philosopher. Philosopher. The sublime is at the heart of Kant’s aesthetic philosophy. [19] In the 19th century, Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911) and others expanded the discipline of hermeneutics beyond mere exegesis and turned it into a general humanistic discipline. The translations range from texts by .Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability. [11] The movement featured elements of anti-psychologism in the historiography of philosophy.[12]. Later in the 19th century, Dilthey began to see possibilities for continuing Schleiermacher's general hermeneutics project as a "general methodology of the humanities and social sciences".[21]. German idealism was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They felt Hegel's apparent belief in the end of history conflicted with other aspects of his thought and that, contrary to his later thought, the dialectic was certainly not complete; this they felt was (painfully) obvious given the irrationality of religious beliefs and the empirical lack of freedoms—especially political and religious freedoms—in existing Prussian society. Nicolas de Warren and Thomas Vongehr (eds.) Phenomenology has had a large influence on Continental Philosophy, particularly existentialism and poststructuralism. Early Modern German Philosophy (1690-1750) Corey W. Dyck. Early German romanticism had intellectual centers in Tübingen, Homburg and Berlin, but Jena, then the epicenter for things Kantian, has special importance. Walter Bendix Schoenflies Benjamin was born on July 15, 1892, theeldest of three children in a prosperous Berlin family from anassimilated Jewish background. Additionally, Mainländer accentuates on the idea of salvation for all of creation. (The term was first used by David Strauss to describe Bruno Bauer—who actually was a typically 'Left', or Young, Hegelian. Philosophy really took off, though, with Socrates and Plato in the 5th - 4th Century B.C. The family moved to Hamburg when Schopenhauer was five, because his father, a proponent of enlightenment and republican ideals, found Danzig unsuitable after the Prussian annexation. This also leads Mainländer to the philosophical position of pluralism. This was the beginning of analytic philosophy. They included Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72), David Strauss (1808–74), Bruno Bauer (1809–82) and Max Stirner (1806–56) among their ranks. [9] Its proponents (Immanuel Hermann Fichte (1796–1879), Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866), and Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)[10] were united in their demand to recover the "personal God" after panlogist Hegelianism. As different groups of philosophers worked together, they developed "schools" or approaches to philosophy. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 0-521-63722-8, (Macmillan) Macmillan's Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1st edition (Paul Edwards, chief editor), 1973. With Schopenhauer, the silencing of the will is a rare event. On his return to Berlin, he began contributing to Der Anfang(‘The Beginning’), a journal dedicated to Wy… German idealism can be traced back to the “critical” or “transcendental” idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). He transformed the three into an essential work of economics called Das Kapital, which consisted of a critical economic examination of capitalism. Martin Heidegger's Being and Time fundamentally transformed the discipline. In 1781, Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) published his Critique of Pure Reason, in which he attempted to determine what we can and cannot know through the use of reason independent of all experience. Working in the metaphysical framework of Schopenhauer, Philipp Mainländer sees the "will" as the innermost core of being, the ontological arche. The following individuals have written philosophical texts in the German language. Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-866132-0. 288 pages. He believed he found his solution in the concepts of the Übermensch and Eternal Recurrence. Monads are the ultimate elements of the universe. His main achievement was a complete oeuvre on almost every scholarly subject of his time, displayed and unfolded according to his demonstrative-deductive, mathematical method, which perhaps represents the peak of Enlightenment rationality in Germany. The most prominent German idealists in the movement, besides Kant, were Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) who was the predominant figure in nineteenth century German philosophy, and the proponents of Jena Romanticism; Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), Novalis (1772–1801), and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829). Karl Marx (1818–83) often attended their meetings. Believed in the concept of Apeiron, or "the boundless". ... German philosopher. Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22, 1788 in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) to a prosperous merchant, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, and his much younger wife, Johanna. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French. The neo-Kantian schools tended to emphasize scientific readings of Kant, often downplaying the role of intuition in favour of concepts. Among the pre-Socratic philosophers (those who were in the limelight before the time of Socrates), he is seen as one of the most sig… Leibniz is also known for his theory of monads, as exposited in Monadologie. Cecilia Muratori’s The First German Philosopher is a fine book. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling(1775-1854). divine predestination of some individuals to Hell), and if you don't believe in God, you give in to nihilism. According to Hegel, Böhme is “the first German philosopher”. ), Philosophers at the Front: Phenomenology and the First World War, Leuven University Press, 2017, 284pp., $59.00 (hbk), ISBN 9789462701212. (Oxford 2005) 2005, ISBN 0-19-926479-1, (Routledge 1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. George Berkeley. In the late 19th century, the predicate logic of Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) overthrew Aristotelian logic (the dominant logic since its inception in Ancient Greece). Notable neo-Kantian philosophers include; Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was initially a proponent of Schopenhauer. Prussian-born (and therefore identified as a German philosopher), Kant is considered among the most essential figures in modern philosophy, an advocate of reason as the source for morality, and a thinker whose ideas continue to permeate ethical, epistemological, and political debate. Monads are centers of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal. Here he meant that reason and freedom had reached their maximums as they were embodied by the existing Prussian state.