Although infrequent bumper seed crops usually provide some seedlings, seedling survival is poor under a dense canopy. (2010). The species' name comes from the Latin word tomentum, meaning "covered with dense, short hairs," referring to the underside of the leaves, which help identify the species. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955. 1956. 8b. It is used for ladder rungs, athletic goods, agricultural implements, dowels, gymnasium apparatus, poles, shafts, well pumps, and furniture. Three of the upland oak types and the bottom land type are subclimax to climax. Bark of trees is tight and furrowed, and light grey to grey. Flowers bloom in the spring from April to May, depending on latitude and weather. Temperature extremes are well above 38 °C (100 °F) and below −18 °C (0 °F). Summaries of some silvical characteristics of several Appalachian hardwood trees. Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. [7][8], In the north, mockernut hickory is found on drier soils of ridges and hillsides and less frequently on moist woodlands and alluvial bottoms. Carya tomentosa, Mockernut Hickory, White Hickory. The main fungus of hickory is Poria spiculosa, a trunk rot. Those Hickory leaves may have supported up to 200 different species of butterflies and moths as food for their caterpillars, all without any negative … 1980. The notably tomentose leaflets, rachis and branchlets are characteristic and are the origin of the specific epithet. Putz, F.E. Germination is hypogeal. Two casebearers (Acrobasis caryivorella and A. juglandis) feed on buds and leaves; later, they bore into succulent hickory shoots. J. Janick and J. N. Moore, eds. Optimum seed production occurs from 40 to 125 years, and the maximum age listed for commercial seed production is 200 years. Some fungi grow on mockernut hickory roots, sharing nutrients from the soil.[11]. in Illinois, Shagbark Hickory is one of two species that has older trees with very shaggy bark.The other species, Kingnut Hickory (Carya laciniosa), usually has 7 leaflets per compound leaf, while Shagbark Hickory usually has 5 leaflets.A third species, Carya ovalis (Sweet Pignut Hickory), occasionally has somewhat shaggy bark… Deyrup, M. and L. Deyrup (2012). Noteworthy Characteristics. The Curculio species are the most damaging and can destroy 65% of the hickory nut crop. Usually the male flowers emerge before the female flowers. Bark has a net-like pattern which is rough and thin with narrow ridges and shallow furrows. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. When stored for a year or more, seed may require stratification for only 30 to 60 days. Leaves of shellbark hickory are found in clusters of seven to nine leaflets. Within its range, the mean annual precipitation measures from 890 mm (35 in) in the north to 2,030 mm (80 in) in the south. Reproduction is difficult to attain if advance hickory regeneration is inadequate, though; then clearcutting will eliminate hickories except for stump sprouts. Along the mid-Atlantic and in the southern and western range, mockernut hickory grows on a variety of soils on slopes of 25% or less, including combinations of fine to coarse loams, clays, and well-drained quartz sands. Noteworthy Characteristics Carya tomentosa, commonly called mockernut hickory, is a medium to large, deciduous tree with a straight trunk and rounded crown that typically grows 60-80’ (less frequently to 100’) tall. American wildlife and plants. Washington, DC. Wherever adequate hickory advance reproduction occurs, clearcutting results in new sapling stands containing some hickories. Richmond, VA, Order of the Surgeon-General. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Data Service, Washington, DC. Flower: Species is monoecious; male flowers are yellow … [7] C. tomentosa is a canopy sub-dominant species in the longleaf pine communities, and is a characteristic species of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands. [12] Though mockernut kernels are edible, they are rarely eaten by humans because of their size and because they are eaten by squirrels and other wildlife.[12]. Baker, Frederick S. 1949. Reproduction in oak-hickory forest stands in the Missouri Ozarks. True hickories provide a large portion of the high-grade hickory used by industry. Ohio Academy Science 84:259-263. Trimble compared growth rates of various Appalachian hardwoods including a hickory species category dominant-codominant hickory trees 38 to 51 cm (15 to 20 in) in dbh on good oak sites grew slowly compared to northern red oak, yellow-poplar, black cherry (Prunus serotina), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Because of prolific sprouting ability, hickory reproduction can survive browsing, breakage, drought, and fire. 7b. Hickory nuts are a minor source of food for ducks, quail, and turkey. The fruit-tree leafroller (Archips argyrospila) and the hickory leafroller (Argyrotaenia juglandana) are the most common leaf feeders. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Interpreting Wetland Status. The white-tailed deer browse on foliage and twigs and also feed on nuts. Weakley, A. S. (2015). 1956. Epicormic branching on eight species of Appalachian hardwoods. Carya Nutt. Mockernut grows on inceptisols in an estimated 15% of its range. USDA Forest Service, Hickory Task Force Report 5. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. A guide to wildlife food habits. p. 115-118. In fully stocked stands on moderately fertile soil2.1 m³ /ha (30 ft³ /acre) is estimated, though annual growth rates of 3.1 m³/ha (44 ft³/acre) were reported in Ohio (26). Mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa Nutt.). The leaflets are waxy, medium green, wide and rounded, and grow 7 or more to a rachis. NameThatPlant.net currently features 3816 plants and 23,855 images. 5. 433 p. var. Bark has a net-like pattern which is rough and thin with narrow ridges and shallow furrows. Bark: Carya carolinae-septentrionalis southern shagbark hickory: limestone soils: ... Carya ovata shagbark hickory: wide variety of habitats, well-drained slope forests: Carya palida sand hickory : Carya tomentosa mockernut hickory: dry ridges and slopes: Habitat reference: Chester EW, RJ Jensen, LJ Schibig, S Simoni. coord. 1972. The species name, tomentosa (Latin for hairy) is a reference to the hairy leaves. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Six years of hickory seed yields in southeastern Ohio. A. Roach. The bark of branches is gray and more smooth, while twigs are gray to grayish brown and relatively stout. Mockernut Hickory is common throughout North Carolina. Hickory species are preferred species for fuelwood consumption. This page was last edited on 4 September 2020, at 14:57. Mockernut hickory is used for tool handles requiring high shock resistance. Heiligmann, Randall B., Mark Golitz, and Martin E. Dale. p. 32-34. International Dendrology Society, London, England. Predicting board-foot tree volume from stump diameter for eight hardwood species in Ohio. Top dieback and resprouting may occur several times, each successive shoot reaching a larger size and developing a stronger root system than its predecessors. Hickory trees are easily identified as hickory, but deciding the kind of hickory can sometimes be difficult due to variable characteristics. [6], C. tomentosa is dispersed through various mammals found in the pine sandhills community. The northern limits of the distributions of hickories in New England. iPIX Interactive ecosystem images in 360 degrees with links to individual plant … Oak-hickory. 642 p. Berry, Frederick H., and John A. Beaton. Myers, Charles, and David M. Belcher. Related Links. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Mockernut Hickory. The leaves, with seven to nine leaflets, are particularly strongly fragrant. Mockernut has the second-highest heating value among the species of hickories. Louisiana Plant ID is an online resource for images and descrptions of Louisiana plants and ecosystems. Also called the white hickory due to the light color of the wood, the common name mockernut comes from the large, thick-shelled fruit with very small kernels of meat inside. By this process, hickory reproduction gradually accumulates and grows under moderately dense canopies, especially on sites dry enough to restrict reproduction of more tolerant, but more fire or drought-sensitive species. Hickory seeds show embryo dormancy that can be overcome by stratification in a moist medium at 1 to 4 °C (33° to 40 °F) for 30 to 150 days. Hickory species and stock studies at the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland. This is since older seeds need less stratification. Silvical characteristics of mockernut hickory. Woody plants selected by beavers in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley Province. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:534-539. The distribution and volume of hickory timber. C. tomentosa can be found in forests and woodlands including communities ranging from mesic hammocks to pine sandhills. In International Dendrological Society Yearbook. The globular to oval fruits are about 1 1/4 inches in diameter, with thick husks and a 4-ribbed nut. [13] Hybrids generally are shy nut producers or produce nuts that are not filled with a kernel. Mockernut hickory is host to anthracnose (Gnomonia caryae). Pecans and hickories. 1974. The fall color is a clear … The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees, Eastern Region. 500p. It's tolerant of drought but not poor drainage and is best in slightly acidic soil, as it's intolerant of alkaline soils and salt in the soil. Lower-grade lumber is used for pallets, blocking, etc. Identifying Features Bark In the trees’ scientific name, Carya tomentosa, Carya is a greek word for nut and tomentosa is a Latin word for hairy (referring to the stems and leaves). It is hardy to zone (UK) 4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Associated species: Pinus palustris, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus incana, Quercus falcata, Quercus virginiana, and Quercus laevis [4]. 1982. Mockernut (Carya tomentosa), has thick, hard nuts and grows best in USDA zones 4 to 9. Madden, G. D., and H. L. Malstrom. The species does not exist in sufficient numbers to be included as a title species in the Society of American Foresters forest cover types. Wetland Status. 1968. [6] The species grows and develops best on deep, fertile soils. H. A. Fowells, comp. C. tomentosa, also known as mockernut hickory, is a native perennial in the Juglandaceae family. 1984. USDA Forest Service, Research Note NE-53. In Southern fruit producing woody plants used by wildlife. Hickory nuts seldom remain viable in the ground for more than I year. The hickory spiral borer (Argilus arcuatus torquatus) and the pecan carpenterworm (Cossula magnifica) are also serious insect enemies of mockernut. The leaves turn yellow in Autumn. Washington, DC. 1944. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. Greenwood and bark weights for commercial-size mockernut trees from mixed hardwoods in Georgia are available for total tree and saw-log stems to a 4-inch top for trees 5 to 22 inches d.b.h.. The most abundant of the hickories, common in the eastern half of the US, it is long lived, sometimes reaching the age of 500 years. Mockernuts are preferred mast for wildlife, particularly squirrels, which eat green nuts. A revised tolerance table. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134: 489-504. Like Carya laciniosa, the species has large winter buds, but its bark does not exfoliate. Early root growth is primarily into the taproot, which typically reaches a depth of 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 in) during the first year. Hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana) is probably a major factor in reducing germination. Habeck, and J.A. and Polycanon stoutii). Eighth ed. Comments: Among the several hickories (Carya spp.) Nuts are small and barely edible, and are inside a thick, large shell.[3]. Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711-730. Greensboro, NC, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies: 220-234. 1981. Seed is disseminated mainly by gravity and wildlife, particularly squirrels. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service 1975. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. 1977. 1248 p. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Service Administration. Animals help disperse seeds so that new hickories can grow elsewhere. 80 p. Halls, Lowell K., ed. Mitchell, A. F. 1970. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. 2013. The nuts should be collected between September and November when the tree is fruiting, and embryo dormancy is possible to overcome by moist stratification between 33 and 40 degrees for a duration of 30 to 150 days. texana. In theory, light thinnings or shelterwood cuts can be used to create advance hickory regeneration, but this has not been demonstrated. On slopes steeper than 25%, mockernut often grows on coarse loams. However, mockernut root stock grew slowly and reduced the growth of pecan tops. Castanea 78(4): 266-276. Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa) Mockernut hickory trees have thin gray bark with deep narrow furrows. Eastern forest insects. The European fruit lecanium (Parthnolecanium corni) is common on hickories. The scientific name has been the subject of some debate, with Carya tomentosa being called Carya alba (L.) Nuttall ex Elliott in recent floras, but switching back to Carya tomentosa in even more recent floras, as the ICBN Nomenclature Committee ruled in favor of … "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." 10 p. Nelson, Thomas C. 1965. Mockernut hickory is a large, true hickory with a dense crown. 1632 p. Halls, Lowell K., ed. Many insect pests eat hickory leaves and bark. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. In the northern Appalachians on slopes of 25% or less, mockernut hickory grows on poorly drained loams with a fragipan. The female flowers appear in short spikes on peduncles terminating in shoots of the current year. 3 p. Nelson, Thomas C. 1960. Smith, H. Clay. Yandle. Pecan South 5:66-67. "Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on post dispersal tree seed predation in old fields." Overall it is classified as intolerant of shade. It is found in NC mainly in the Piedmont area, but sporadically in the mountains and coastal areas. As well, the bark can be used to make a natural dye, varying in color from yellow to olive green depending on how it is prepared. [3] The bark of hickories has been used medicinally for indigestion and intermittent fever. A taper system for predicting height, diameter, and volume of hardwoods. Porcher, F. P. (1869). At certain times during its life, mockernut hickory may be variously classified as tolerant to intolerant. The wood makes excellent fuel wood, as well. USDA Forest Service, Hickory Task Force Report 1. Decay causes little loss in hickory. Mockernut trees have compound pinnate yellowish-green leaves. American Book Company, New York. Trunk bark of mature trees is gray to dark gray and relatively coarse, consisting of forking or intertwining ridges that are somewhat irregular. (2013). Th… Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. Common foliage diseases include leaf mildew and witches' broom (Microstroma juglandis), leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella dendroides), and pecan scab (Cladosporium effusum). commonly infest leaves. They are also good nesting trees, providing cover for birds with their thick foliage. No published information exists concerning population or other genetic studies of this species. Coppice management is a possibility with true hickories. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 1:24-25. Page, Rufus H., and Lenthall Wyman. Manning, W. E. 1973. True hickories such as mockernut develop a long taproot with few laterals. Larvae of A. caryivorella may destroy entire nut sets. Mockernut is not easily injured by ice glaze or snow, but young seedlings are very susceptible to frost damage. 1969. Washington, DC. Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Undersurface of leaves densely covered with soft hairs. The bark of older trees has a shaggy appearance that provides winter interest in the landscape. It is in leaf from June to November, in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in October. Numerous exceptions to this rule are known. Carya tomentosa (Lam.) (Silvics of North America; volume 2: Hardwoods, United States Department of A. G. Wong, P. Doerr, D. Woodward, P. Mazik and R. Lequire. Baker, Whiteford L. 1972. Root characteristics of some important trees of eastern forests: a summary of the literature. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report SO-16. The leaves have 7 to 9 leaflets; leaf rachis' densely covered with hairs; twigs brown and hairy; end buds large covered with several whitish scales; fruit husk thick, but slightly thinner than C. ovata ; bark with the very distinctive, heavily furrowed "corrigated metal" pattern. In the central and southern Appalachians on slopes 25% or less, mockernut hickory grows on fine loams. Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) has similar fruit and leaves, but almost always has 7 or 9 leaflets in a compound leaf, no hairs along the leaflet edge, and the fruit is bitter and smaller (about 1 inch) with a thinner husk that has 4 distinct ridges. 8a. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. Current season's shoots pubescent. The bark of kingnut and shagbark hickories peels into long strips at maturity. True hickories are difficult to reproduce from cuttings. 1975. Selection packing and storage of pecan and hickory propagation wood. Nelson, Thomas C. 1959. 1974. On steeper slopes, it grows on coarse loams.[10]. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. Proceedings of the Fifty-third Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Many birds and animals feed on the nuts of mockernut hickory. The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) attacks both small and large trees; it seriously deforms trees by sawing branches. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 6 p. Cruikshank, James W., and J. F. McCormack. Nutt. 1977. In Advances in fruit breeding. Plants and Gardens 30:67-69. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 445. This species is not present in Michigan, New Hampshire and Vermont as previously mapped by Little. Archer, J. K., et al. [4] Mockernut hickory is most abundant southward through Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida, where it is the most common of the hickories. 1973. Mockernut hickories also provide cavities for animals to live in, such as woodpeckers, black rat snakes, raccoons, Carolina chickadees, and more. Another weevil (Conotrachelus aratus) attacks young shoots and leaf petioles. Also, procedures are described for predicting diameters and heights and for developing volume tables to any merchantable top diameter for hickory species in southern Illinois and West Virginia. Around 50 to 75% of fresh seed will germinate. The genome map at some point may expand to cover other hickory species. USDA Forest Service, Station Paper 105. Annual temperatures range from 10 to 21 °C (50 to 70 °F). Weakley, A.S. 2015. Heuberger, K. A. and F. E. Putz (2003). Carya tomentosa is a deciduous Tree growing to 30 m (98ft 5in) at a medium rate. About 200 cm (79 in) of annual snowfall is common in the northern part of the range, but snow is rare in the southern portion. Silvical characteristics of the commercial hickories. The living-hickory borer (Goes pulcher) feeds on hickory boles and branches throughout the East. [4][5] More specifically, the habitats range from mixed hardwood forests, disturbed meadows, in sandy soil of mesic woods, rich deciduous woods, hardwood hammocks, wooded ravines, and loamy sand woodlands. Mockernut hickory is associated with the eastern oak-hickory forest and the beech-maple forest. Leaves are alternate, feather-compound, 8–15 inches long, with 5–9 (usually 7) leaflets; leaflets 3–7 inches long, 1–3 inches wide, broadest near the middle; margin toothed, upper surface yellowish green, shiny; lower surface paler, …