The second syllable type in Yoruba is a consonant and a vowel; this is the basic shape of simple verbs in the language. Before rounded vowels, only labialized velars occur, e.g. WAEC Hausa Language Syllabus 2020/2021 | See Concentrated Topics Here. University Professor Emeritus, chairman of African Studies, Institute of African Studies, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Ger. The fifth combines glottal stop with “y”. Linguists refer to these as “glottalized” sounds because the glottis (basically, the space between the vocal cords) is constricted when one pronounces these sounds. This section mentions only general differences in the way certain consonants are pronounced. Updates? Lithuanian. …group is formed by the Hausa, whose language, also spoken in Nigeria, is one of the most important in western Africa. the word meaning ‘marriage’ is pronounced amre, arme, or aure depending on dialect. /kʷoːɽaː/ (‘ringworm’). For instance, the verb stem haif- ‘to procreate, beget, give birth’ can yield the formation of agentive and locative nouns by means of a prefix má-, different vocalic endings, and diagnostic tone patterns. ‘balls of millet flour used for making gruel’ The sounds f and h are closely related in Hausa. WAEC Hausa Language Syllabus 2020 is Out…The Hausa Language 2020/2021. In the inventory, some consonants are not found in English. In the pairs of words below, concentrate on the difference between the simple consonant and its geminate counterpart. Hindustani. Today Hausa is taught on a regular basis throughout the world, mainly at universities that have a department specializing in African languages. Vowel: Long sound ... Consonant sounds: There are 21 consonants in the American English language. Hence, this may be an influence of French on Hausa pronunciation. The tone is also marked on the vowel, as shown above. Tone is not marked in Hausa orthography. This Latin-based orthography is the one now used for education, newspapers, books, and other general purposes. In scholarly transcriptions of Hausa, accent marks indicate tone, which may be high (acute), low (grave), or falling (circumflex). ALL Hausa speakers in this region have the zh pronunciation of “j”, whereas the number of Hausa speakers who knew French or even had daily contact with the French language by the time of independence in 1960 was relatively small. with the laryngealized consonants (6, d) in Hausa? In scholarly transcriptions of Hausa, accent marks indicate tone, which may be high (acute), low (grave), or falling (circumflex). Hausa Alphabet Today I will teach you the Hausa alphabet. That is, it makes a difference in Hausa whether one pronounces a vowel as relatively long or short. Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu Depending on the word and blend, these five vowels can make up about 21 unique sounds. Starts with h, ends with a, two consonants, three vowels and two syllables. The Hausa sound written “f” is not pronounced like the “f” typical of European languages such as English or French. Two of the glottalized sounds are implosive, i.e. M & N as “vowels” Also, sometimes the letters “m” and “n” can be treated as vowels in Igbo. There are also many dialectal differences in pronunciation of individual words, e.g. There are several differences in the pronunciation of consonants which distinguish speakers of different regions of the Hausa speaking area. They require movement of the glottis during pronunciation and have a … Serious linguistic research on the language began in the mid-19th century with the works of the German missionary J.F. Vowel sounds: There are only five vowels in the American English language. Vowels: 32 . The representation with “zh” in the “NIGERIEN” examples shows the pronunciation. This means that you can pronounce m or n with high or low tones. Some dialects do not have an f sound at all. Syntax. New words can be created from both nouns and verbs through a process known as derivation. Learn about the consonants and vowels with the consonants and vowels song made for kids. Although the writing system does not show it, Hausa speakers also always pronounce “k” and “g” as ky and gyrespectively before the the vowels “i” and “e”. The c and j pronunciations thus also show up in the speech of some non-native speakers of Hausa in words where “k” and “g” come before these vowels. Hausa is recognized as an indigenous national language in the constitutions of both Nigeria and Niger. In Hausa, “f” is a bilabial sound. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hausa is a tone language , a classification in which syllable-based pitch differences add as much to the meaning of a word as do consonants and vowels. Structure of Syllable (Tsarin gaba) Consonant + vowel (cv) – BW; By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. These words would be written with “j” in the standard writing system. Variations in tone, vocalic, and consonantal forms are illustrated by the constructions associated with the root for ‘bush cow,’ *Square root of√ ɓkn (the asterisk * denotes a reconstructed term). Words are built from vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and consonants (the rest of the alphabet). Hausa Phonology. Compare the glottalized sounds with their non-glottalized counterparts by clicking on the words in red below: Can you hear the differences between the glottalized and the non-glottalized consonants? However, it remains as /k/ in the complex plural form ɓák-àa-n-ée, which includes the infix -aa- between the final and prefinal consonants, plus the suffix -ee-. Below are some of the more noticeable dialect differences in the pronunciation of consonants. The Hausa are predominantly Muslim. The spellings used in Duwai but not in Hausa are the following: ”: The vowel “”” is the same letter and represents the same sound as heard in Kanuri b”la ‘town’ or k”ske ‘easy’.2 This vowel is extemely common in Duwai, appearing in such words as k m ‘you [speaking to a woman]’, k … sàyí ‘to buy’), while all low-vowel verbs are intransitive Hausa language, the most important indigenous lingua franca in West and Central Africa, spoken as a first or second language by about 40–50 million people. This alternation is referred to by linguists as palatalization, that is the change of a sound to its “palatal” counterpart when occurring before the vowels i or e, which involve raising the tongue toward the palate. See Hausa dialects for comments on the main dialect areas of Hausa country. This seems to be more of an individual speaker difference than a regional dialect difference, because even within one area, such as Kano city, one finds speakers who distinguish the two r‘s and those who do not. Two of the glottalized sounds are implosive, i.e. Hausa has between 23 and 25 consonant phonemes depending on the speaker. (a) Consonants, Vowels and Syllable Structure: (Furucin bakake da wasula da kirar gaba) - their production in terms of place, manner and status of glotis e.g. All consonants can be pronounced as simple or geminate. Total number of sounds: 52 3. Hausa has only three syllable types: Consonant + Vowel (CV), Consonant + Vowel + Vowel (CVV), and Consonant + Vowel + Consonant (CVC). Consonants are all letters in the alphabet except for the vowels. Hausa is a tone language, a classification in which pitch differences add as much to the meaning of a word as do consonants and vowels. The five long vowels occupy roughly the five canonical vowel positions [i, e, a, o, u]. Also, the number of vowel insertion depends on the number of consonants in the coposition. Consonant clusters do not exist in Igbo language (meaning that two consonants cannot follow each other). Hausa has many words which contain geminate or “doubled” consonants. Total number of sounds: 59 2. The table below shows the correspondences in pronunciation. Hausa is a 5 letter word, used as a noun, with Hausa origins, and has the letters aahsu (ahsu). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. (ii) What is the timing of larngealization relative to the stop closure? Test yourself! These are produced by holding the tongue and/or lips in the position of the consonant for a longer period of time than for the corresponding simple consonants. A large percentage of the inhabitants of Niger understand Hausa, which possesses an abundant literature that has been printed in Latin characters in Nigeria. Consonants: 47. In the singular form, ɓáunáa, the /k/ of the root weakens to become the vowel /u/. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle! The northern and western areas of the Hausa speaking region do not have the bilabial f-sound of the eastern and southern areas, including the Kano area. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Contrast má-hàif-íi ‘father’ with má-háif-ìyáa ‘mother,’ má-hàif-áa ‘parents,’ and má-háif-áa ‘birthplace, womb.’ Note that the words for ‘parents’ and ‘womb’ differ only in the tone melody across the word: H-L-H versus H-H-H. Schön. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. Note the following: from English ‘photo’ ‘to cook’ vs. the related form ‘cooking’ ‘go’ vs. the related form‘come hither’. The f-sound is rare before the vowels “o” and “u” even in “Kano” Hausa. In the northern parts of the Hausa-speaking area, particularly in Niger Republic, Hausa speakers pronounce the sound written “j” as zh, i.e. There are 34 consonants in Standard Hausa. Hausa. However, in pronunciation, each of these symbols can represent either the short or the long variant of that vowel. This cannot possibly be the case. Here is a chart of all the Musa consonants used for Hausa: And here are the vowels (using د as "chair" in Ajami): In Musa, we write the long vowels by suffixing a Long Mark to the corresponding short vowel. If you follow everything provided in this page, you will be able to read, write and pronounce the Hausa letters quickly and easily. It is inconceivable, first, that those speakers of Hausa who knew French would systematically shift the way they pronounced “j” in their native language to a “French model”, and second, that this foreign pronunciation would spread to the speech of the vast majority of Hausa speakers who did not know French. The “doubled” tap/trill is heard as a strong trill, whereas the “doubled” retroflex flap begins as a prolonged “errr” sound, something like the “r” in American English ‘bird’, and ends with the tongue flap. Derivational extensions modify the meaning of the verb root. University of California © 2020 UC Regents. Consonants and vowels Consonants and vowels ID: 923848 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: 1 Age: 5-6 Main content: Consonants and vowels Other contents: english Add to my workbooks (0) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog There are no consonant clusters. Glottalic consonants Hausa has glottalic consonants (implosives and ejectives) at four or five places of articulation (depending on the dialect). the sound that the letter “s” represents in English in a word like measure. It has been observed that Niger is an area where French is the official language and that the letter “j” in French represents the zh sound. The lips are brought near each other and air is blown between them. Note the variation of the second consonant in the following words depending on the vowel which follows the consonant. There are two major dialect areas: the northwestern area, comprising most of the dialects spoken in Niger (Kurfeyanci around Filinguey, Aderanci around Tahoua, Arewanci around Dogondouchi, Tibiranci around Maradi, and Damagaranci around Zinder) plus those of Sokoto (Sakkwatanci) and Katsina (Katsinanci) in Nigeria; and the eastern area, with Kano (Kananci), Zaria (Zazzanci), and Bauchi (Guddiranci) as prominent urban agglomerations with their own dialectal variants. 1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hausa-language. Post author By ; Post date September 25, 2020; ... WAW], ‍ُو [U+064F ARABIC DAMMA + U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW], عٜـ [U+0639 ARABIC LETTER AIN + U+065C ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW]. Some other Chadic languages, including some that had fairly large numbers…. air is sucked inward as the sound is produced, the other two are ejective, i.e. I'm providing the sound so that you can hear the pronunciation of the characters. Hausa has 23 to 25 consonant sounds, depending on the speaker. These verb stems may further change their form according to syntactic environment; for instance, the grade-2 verb yànkáa ‘to cut piece off’ occurs in four different “forms” (usually referred to as A-, B-, C-, and D-forms) depending on whether and which type of an object follows. ... Syllable Structure – the way consonants and vowels combine in syllable. The phonemic inventory of Hausa consists of consonants and vowels. the air is “ejected” or forced out with a “squeezed” sound. NOW 50% OFF! In the interaction of roots and patterns, certain consonants “weaken” or change under some circumstances. In Nigeria, because the Hausa of Kano is the written standard, these words will usually be written with “f”, the sound found in the Kano pronunciation.
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