On the other hand, adding "menh" to the end of a word can represent disappointment or frustration. According to 1993 statistics, approximately 69,000 people, or 2.5% of the population, spoke Standard Liberian English as a first language. [citation needed] In some cases, educators have unsuccessfully attempted to ban the use of pidgin. Tok Pisin to English; English to Tok Pisin; About; kru. About the Liberian-English language Also called Kreyol, Liberian Pidgin English, Liberian English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Liberia. This variety is a transplanted variety of African American Vernacular English from the southern part of the United States. Language Use. The economic benefits of English were evident, as the language became crucial for trade with Europeans and later Americans. To understand the prevalence of English, one 1999 study found that of Liberian immigrants across the United States, nearly 73 percent spoke English at home, and many children just spoke English instead of their parents' language. When it comes to other markers, Kru Pidgin English almost exclusively has de to mark aspect, such as in the statement "we de go na" in the place of "we had gone to. 4. crew on a PMV or ship (also boskru) Related: banana; sutim; brain; [5], It is a variety of West African Pidgin English, like Nigerian Pidgin. [citation needed], GhPE can be divided into two varieties, referred to as "uneducated" or "non-institutionalized" pidgin and "educated" or "institutionalized" pidgin, the former associated with uneducated or illiterate people and the latter acquired and used in institutions such as universities. (1997), The Configuration of Liberia’s Englishes. [4] There are a few reasons attributed to this trend. Contact WorldBibles. There are five such varieties: Normally, Liberians refer to all these varieties simply as "English". Nwanne be proud to speak your pidgin whether it is the simple pidgin or waffi pidgin, that doesn’t stop you from speaking good english when you want to. [citation needed] Nigerians who settled in Ghana and vice versa have been major factors in the development and use of the language. Additionally, Liberian English includes additional vocabulary and sounds at ends of words to represent the tone of statements that can differ. The dominance of English among Liberian children. Multiple individuals and groups have committed to raising English literacy rates to represent a larger national commitment to economic and social progress. It is a commonly known fact that although many Africans and people of African decent speak Pidgin English it is slightly different in every country. Today Liberian English is often seen to accompany all English within the … Classification open Kru Pidgin English; expand all; collapse all; Endangerment AES status: not endangered Source: David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2020 Comment: Liberian English (lir-lir) = 3 (Wider communication). Today the knowledge of some form of English … Pidgin English--Ghana. Krio, a well-established cre?le, has a distinctive form and is the subject of a considerable literature, and therefore is treated separately in the following Specifically in regards to Liberia, Kru Pidgin English can be attributed to the merchant ships during the colonial era, where Kru Pidgin English was spoken as a second-language of crewmen (Sheppard, 2012). Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From 'Big Jues' To 'Tay-Tay Water,' A Quick Guide To Liberian English", "Copula Variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English", "Optimality Theory, the Minimal-Word Constraint, and the Historical Sequencing of Substrate Influence in Pidgin/Creole Genesis", Liberia: A Colonized Nation and the Role of English in that Process, List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberian_English&oldid=989268232, All Wikipedia articles written in Liberian English, Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2017, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles that may contain original research from September 2017, All articles that may contain original research, Articles needing expert attention from September 2017, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Standard Liberian English or Liberian Settler English (similar to, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 00:42. Kreyol (Liberian Pidgin English, Vernacular Liberian English) is an English-based pidgin spoken in Liberia. [citation needed], Kru Pidgin English is quite distinct from other forms of English in Liberia and has numerous unique traits. Pidgin English, despite its common use throughout the country, has no official status.. Cameroonian Pidgin English began to develop at this time.. Standard English otherwise dominates in most formal settings, but the Ghanaian Pidgin English also known as Kru English or Kroo Brofo in Akan has two sub varieties. [citation needed] However, because of the influence of Nollywood, it is fairly easier for Ghanaians in general to understand Nigerian pidgin. Other names for the Kru Pidgin English language: (Liberian English, Liberian Pidgin English) Home page Acknowledgments Feedback Powered by OneHundredFold. Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhaPE), also known as Kru English (or, in Akan, kroo brofo), is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Ghana, predominantly in the southern towns and the capital, Accra. [2] The two most common examples that represent a good mood from the speaker are "o" and "ya." Dialects. For standard English spoken in Ghana, see, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Pidgin_English&oldid=991035704, English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 22:40. Two main reasons are intertribal marriages inspiring people across tribes to have a common way to communicate and parents wanting their children to be proficient in English, especially those parents who are educated themselves. Author Sam Posted on 2017-08-22 2018-04-12 Categories P, Tok Pisin to English Tags Food (Tok Pisin), Fruits (Tok Pisin) Leave a comment on papaia popo 1. pawpaw Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by Krumen.These were individuals, most often from the Klao Madingoes and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria.The Krumen tradition dates back to the … These were individuals, most often from the Klao and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria . Language Status. These were individuals, most often from the Klao Bassa people and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria. Today the knowledge of some form of English is even more widespread. Over the years, some young Ghanaian writers have taken to writing literary pieces like short stories in GhPE as an act of protest. Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by 'Krumen'. Language Development. According to wikipedia, the official language in Nigerian is English but we all know that the common language we speak in Nigeria is Pidgin. Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by Krumen.These were individuals, most often from the Klao Madingoes and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria.The Krumen tradition dates back to the end of the eighteenth century. Between vowels, [t] may be flapped (>[ɾ]) as in North American English. [citation needed] When spoken, it can be difficult for Nigerian pidgin speakers to understand Ghanaian speakers. Even the Liberian Department of Education adopted a policy to provide education in English despite not having similar rules for any indigenous language. It remains prevalent in Liberia due to political and economic ties to the United States that include trade and education that reinforce the importance of this variety. An example of the lack of tense marking is "he feel hot" instead of "he had felt hot." 3. brain. Furthermore, unlike Nigerian pidgin, the use of Ghanaian pidgin is gendered. The most formal variety is the Standard Liberian English. Ngovo, B. With the end of the British colonial presence in West Africa in the mid-twentieth century, however, the tradition came to an end, and with it the ongoing use of Kru Pidgin English. [citation needed] But that might be changing as Accra-born students go to cities such as Ghana's second city Kumasi to study at university and so could help gain the language new diverse speakers. Additionally, the term "Liberian English" is sometimes used for all varieties except the standard. Discusses the varieties of Liberian English spoken in Liberia: Kru Pidgin English, spoken by Kru mariners and migrant workers; Settler English, spoken by descendants of 19th-century African American immigrants to Liberia; and Vernacular Liberian English (VLE), spoken by the rest of Liberia's English-speaking population. Vernacular Liberian English has been analysed having a post-creole continuum. The interdental fricatives [θ, ð] appear as [t, d] in syllable-initial position (such as thing and this having respective pronunciations of ting and dis), and as [f, v] finally. Plural marking, for instance, is done solely by the suffixal -z, while other variants will also integrate a postponed den as another plural marking form. It was spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language (1984 census) which is about 70% of the population in that time. Pidgin: Kru Pidgin English. kru bilong banana banana shoot; 2. kru i kamap to sprout. Broken, Kroo Brofo, Kru English, Pidgin, Pidgin English. I It was spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language (1984 census) which is about 70% of the population in that time. Mel Languages Spoken In Liberia Liberian English is a variety of English that is spoken in Liberia. The play features traditional languages and Pidgin English, as well as song and dance.. There are currently some pushing for native languages to be taught in schools as a way to preserve the culture, but these tribes do continue to have their own impact on how English is spoken across the country. A language profile for Ghanaian Pidgin English. Pidgin English is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many pidgin languages derived from English.Pidgins that are spoken as first languages become creoles.. English-based pidgins that became stable contact languages, and which have some documentation, include the following: International » English. User Population. This article is about an English-based creole. Man wey naked no dey put hand for pocket Kru Pidgin English. World Englishes, 16: 205-231. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00060. Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by 'Krumen'. Another feature of Kru Pidgin English, perhaps one of the most distinct, is the lack of tense-marking that even often extends to copulas in many cases. 1. a sprout, a bud, a young shoot, a seedling. #liberian #liberianenglish Support my Online Boutique Business- Click Link to Website. Location. Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by 'Krumen'. The vowel system is more elaborate than in other West African variants; Standard Liberian English distinguishes [i] from [ɪ], and [u] from [ʊ], and uses the diphthongs [aɪ], [aʊ], and [əɪ]. Plural marking, for instance, is done solely by the suffixal -z, while other variants will also integrate a postponed den as another plural marking form. [citation needed]. Focuses on tense aspect in VLE. [citation needed] Today, this form of Pidgin can be heard in a variety of informal contexts, although it still carries a certain stigma. x. English-based pidgins that became stable contact languages, and which have some documentation, include the following: For several years Pidgin English of the Kru variety was spoken at the mouth of the Congo (Dennett 1887). The Krumen tradition dates back to the end of the eighteenth century. Publisher Gainesville, FL, Collection UFRDS; univ_florida_smathers; americana Digitizing sponsor University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries with support from LYRASIS and the Sloan Foundation Contributor University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries Language English [citation needed] Women are less likely to use Ghanaian Pidgin, and mixed-gender groups more often converse in standard Ghanaian English or another language. [8] GhPE has also seen expression in songs and movies and in advertisements. "[3], Liberian Kreyol language (Vernacular Liberian English), or Liberian creole the most common variety, developed from Liberian Interior Pidgin English, the Liberian version of West African Pidgin English though it has been significantly influenced by the Americo-Liberian and the Caribbean slaves Settler English. It is most distinctive in isolated settlements such as Louisiana, Lexington, and Bluntsville, small communities upriver from Greenville in Sinoe County. Menu. The final vowel of happy is [ɛ]. Kru Pidgin English. Add to My List Edit this Entry Rate it: (1.00 / 1 vote) Translation Find a translation for Kru Pidgin English in other languages: Select another language: - Select - 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified) 繁體中文 (Chinese - Traditional) Pidgins that are spoken as first languages become creoles . Other Comments. Over the course of Liberia's history, English has been central to the assessment of the overall development of the country. There are five such varieties: Standard Liberian English or Liberian Settler English (similar to American English) The positives, however, far outweigh the negatives as Ghanaians’ use of Pidgin English plays a vital role in all communication circles. (1999). This is a volume that brings forward our knowledge and understanding of pidgin and creole TMA.The seven languages analyzed are: Capeverdean Crioulo, Kituba, Papiamentu, Berbice Dutch, Haitian Creole, Kru Pidgin English, and Eighteenth Century Nigerian Pidgin English. Get a detailed look at the language, from population to dialects and usage. Since many settlers brought English into Liberia and established the language as a primary mode of communication across different groups in the country, English continues to play a crucial role in understanding the cultural development of the country. However, due to the other forms of English being prevalent throughout Liberia, each variety of language has an effect on the others, thereby creating common traits that extend beyond language variety. Pidgin English is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many pidgin languages derived from English. Pidginenglisch translation in German - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'pietistisch',Pinselstrich',pedantisch',Pi', examples, definition, conjugation Conversations frequently include many of these sounds mixed in to show mood in a way that often shown via voice inflection and tone by other English speakers. [citation needed]. Writing. These were individuals, most often from the Klao Madingoes and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria . Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region, Singler, J.V. [4] A particularly basic variety used by illiterate speakers is sometimes called "Minimal Pidgin". These were individuals, most often from the Klao Madingoes and Grebo ethnic groups, who worked as sailors on ships along the West African coast and also as migrant workers and domestics in such British colonies as the Gold Coast (Ghana) and Nigeria . Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhaPE), also known as Kru English (or, in Akan, kroo brofo), is a variety of West African Pidgin English spoken in Ghana, predominantly in the southern towns and the capital, Accra. It favors open syllables, usually omitting syllable-final [t], [d], or a fricative. Standard Liberian English is the language of those people whose African-American ancestors from the United States and the Caribbean islands immigrated to Liberia in the nineteenth century. [7], Also, young educated men who were raised outside Accra and Tema very often don't know it until they come into contact with others who do at boarding school in secondary school or at university. Its phonology owes much to Liberia's Kru languages. Kru Pidgin English is a moribund variety that was spoken historically by Krumen. Affricates have lost their stop component, thus [tʃ] > [ʃ]. As such, rather than being a pidgin wholly distinct from English, it is a range of varieties that extend from the Caribbean English to the highly pidginized Americo-Liberian English and African American Vernacular English to one that shows many similarities to English as spoken elsewhere in West Africa. [3] It is confined to a smaller section of society than other West African creoles, and is more stigmatized,[3] perhaps due to the presence of Twi as the lingua franca of choice. Kru Pidgin English is quite distinct from other forms of English in Liberia and has numerous unique traits. It originates in 16th-century contacts between West Africans and English sailors and traders, and is therefore as old as so-called ' Modern English.' At first, many ethnic groups started to learn English due to potential economic benefits and a desire to become literate in yet another language in addition to the many tribal languages already spoken. The glottal fricative [h] is preserved, as is the voiceless labio-velar fricative [ʍ] (in such words as whit and which in contrast to voiced [w] in wit and wish). There are several varieties of the language spoken in the country including Kru Pidgin English, Liberian Kreyol language, the Merico language, and Caribbean English. Liquids are lost at the end of words or before consonants, making Standard Liberian English a non-rhotic dialect.[1]. Plus, there are a … It is confined to a smaller section of society than other West African creoles, and is more stigmatized, perhaps due to the presence of Twi as the lingua franca of choice. Kreyol (Liberian Pidgin English, Vernacular Liberian English) is an English-based pidgin spoken in Liberia. Standard English otherwise dominates in … An example is "ya hello-o," which is a common way to greet someone or a group of people. Among the local varieties are Aku in Gambia, Krio in Sierra Leone, Settler English and Pidgin English in Liberia, Pidgin (English) in Ghana and Nigeria, and Pidgin (English) or Kamtok in Cameroon. One adverse effect of these attempts is that, while knowledge of English did spread across the country and did establish the known varieties, there became a stigma to speaking in local languages. The result is a mixture of early pidgin English with a lot of influences from African-Americans and standard English, Singler says. Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) English Bilingual Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. [6] The use of words from Nigerian pidgin such as "abi", "dey", "ein" and "commot" (the first three words are used often by both Nigerian and Ghanaian speakers)[citation needed] shows the basic relationship. Kreyol (Liberian Pidgin English, Vernacular Liberian English) is an English-based pidgin spoken in Liberia. [4] Although other languages of Ghana are available to them, students, particularly males, use Pidgin as a means of expressing solidarity, camaraderie and youthful rebellion. Vowels can be nasalized. Liberian English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Liberia.
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