These questions, according to Swanson and Woolson (1973), should not be used in direct, quick sequence but should be used gradually over a period of days after enough trust and rapport had been developed: (1) What do you see as your main trouble now? In such an instance of a hard-to-reach client, the caseworker in the interest of the client and society approaches (reaches out) the client with his help and services of the agency. The social work profession’s core mandates include promoting social change, social development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Follow up and termination phase 1. Many a time, the client does not understand/realise that his behaviour is not conducive to his proper social functioning (i.e., it is ego-dystonic or ego-alien behaviour) and that he should change his pattern of behaviour so that it really becomes ego-syntonic, i.e., conducive to his development. This is usually used when the client is more tense or eager to come out with his inner feelings. This is a basic book in social casework. What is occurring with significant others at work and recreation; nature of communication patterns, his reference groups, etc. ; and. The caseworker has to be very cautious and conscious of his own needs while suggesting and offering advice. What steps might be taken to solve it instead of enduring its recurrence? Procedures of Reflective Consideration of the Past Development and its Effect on Current Function This procedure considers the genetic material (early childhood experiences) operating in the client’s current behaviour patterns (response tendencies). teaching financial management skills, or community forum (e.g. Social casework method has a rich history with various iterations to work with individuals, families, and people suffering from mental illness or working in schools. If, however, the client is struggling with the question of whether to speak something or not, the caseworker may handle this hesitation directly by commenting, “I understanding you want to talk about your relationship with”. It may be defined as that part of the casework process which brings together the facts about a case and is distinctly different from the assessment of the meaning of the facts. Many a time this process is used just because the workers in our settings are more anxious to give suggestions/advice, and sometimes, the client may ask for suggestions/advice only to please the worker. Like assessment (diagnosis), this too is a continuous process. Provide access, allocate, monitor, and evaluate services and fiscal resources for clients. He, like Korner, also sees various types of crisis situations precipitated by changes in the normal course of living such as leaving of home for boarding school by the child, birth of a baby, marrying daughter, unwanted pregnancy, retirement, ageing, rustication etc., and the situations, arising out of accidental and hazardous events like accidents, sudden serious illness, dismissal of the breadwinner of the family from job etc. Unconscious matters revealed through dreams etc., are utilised though no attempt is made to uncover this part of the mind. On enquiry, it was revealed by her that this was based on her experience of her father. The technique of direct influence should be used only when the worker knows that a particular (the suggested) course of action will be more useful and is perhaps the best in the situation for the client. In the case of a school-going child, one may work with the parents and teachers. Examples are removing the patient to a hospital, placing the child in a hostel, etc. Crisis intervention has been the traditional concern of social caseworkers which is clear from the writings of Gordon Hamilton, Bertha C. Reynolds, Charlotte Towle, Helen Perlman, Max Siporin, etc. There is evidence that psychiatric patients need more help other people in setting for themselves goals that are neither too high nor too low (Heckhausen, 1967). While serving the client, the caseworker can work in the role of a provider, locator, creator, interpreter, mediator and aggressive intervener (Hollis, 1972). It has been observed that Indians by and large are more humane, probably because of their religion-dominated social life. 195 X.TheFormsofSocialWorkandtheir … I st, developmental perspective. One should plan his intervention in each case in terms of the considered immediate (short-term) objectives (priority-wise) in the determination of which the client participates. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Since the worker is not emphatic on this suggestion, the client is free to reject the idea. All casework help intends (i) to improve the client’s psycho-social functioning and bring positive changes in his adaptive patterns, and/or (ii) to improve environmental conditions and resources, and to make them available to the client for his growth and development. Interpretations should always be in tentative terms unless one is dead sure of the meaning of the behaviour. Goals and techniques of treatment are accordingly decided on the basis of the diagnostic evaluation (assessment) of the facts. For example, resourcefulness vs. hopelessness, resoluteness vs. indecision, concern vs. apathy, constructive action vs. protection of the status quo, etc. In any case, facts are needed to plan the intervention (treatment). casting doubt at the effectiveness of aid expenditure.1 This pessimistic news contrasts strongly with some of the recent academic literature. Traditional African cultural values were centered on the notion of Ubuntu. Principles constantly guide the activities of the caseworker. If required, reality may be demonstrated along-with discussion of the feelings and thoughts involved in the said inappropriate behaviour. Developmental Social Work for Promoting the Socioeconomic Participation of Persons with Disabilities: An Application of the Capability Approach (Journal: Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development), Developmental Social Work for Promoting the Socioeconomic Participation of Persons with Disabilities: An Application of the Capability Approach, TRANSFORMING SOCIAL WORK: CONTEXTUALISED SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA, UBUNTU AND CHILD WELFARE POLICY IN ZIMBABWE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL ORPHAN CARE POLICY'S SIX-TIER SYSTEM, Parental engagement in child protection assessment practice: Voices from parents, Developmental Social Work: a Promising Practice to Address Child Marriage in Zimbabwe, واقع استخدام مهارة التعاقد العلاجى فى العمل مع الحالات الفردیة فى مجالات الممارسة المهنیة, State of Clinical Social Work in South Africa, Title My circle, your circle and social work interventions, A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work, A model of occupational social work practice: A developmental social welfare critique, Social Welfare and Social Development (2ndEdition), Appreciative Inquiry for Change Management: Using AI to facilitate Organizational Development, Diagrammatic Assessment of Family Relationships, The Social Ecology of Resilience, A Handbook of Theory and Practice, Developmental ecology through space and time: a future perspective, Development theory: Deconstructions/reconstructions, A Wider Approach to Aid Effectiveness: Correlated Impacts on Health, Wealth, Fertility and Education, Social Work in Africa: Issues and Challenges, Training for access to Global Information, 'All quiet on the social work front': Experiences of Zimbabwean day labourers in South Africa. The case work starts with case study, diagnosis, case treatment, termination, evaluation and follow up. Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is one of the most exciting and increasingly recognized concepts in facilitating organizational change. They have, after their long experience of work and research, proposed that motivation is likely to increase: (1) If the patient can become actively engaged in setting his own goals for the outcome of therapy; (2) If goals are definite, individualised and concrete rather than being vague, general and equally applicable to all humans. DSCW will follow this generic planning process, the problems and needs of individuals within th, changing the individual. Some of the clients see either distorted or only one-sided picture of the real situation around them. Exactly what does “getting well” mean to you? The authors of this article contend that the government adopted traditional practices of child welfare, yet it did not also bring the apparatus (Ubuntu) which made the traditional practices successful in traditional society. What are the particular rewards and satisfactions of your kind of work? In what way is that different from the way you feel now? Contributes to the Global Information Virtual Conference by examining training needs in the higher education sector which will be engendered by the information revolution in the developing world. It is important to stress, however that each step in treatment must be taken jointly with the client since he is the person who will ultimately determine his engagement in this process. These cases were designed for use in all levels of social work education and training. This afforded students the opportunity to introspect, as well as understand why certain practices occurred and how professional social work practice would be of relevance in such situations. Because resilience is related to the presence of social risk factors, there is a need for an ecological interpretation of the construct that acknowledges the importance of people's interactions with their environments. These evaluations may tell if the problem needs redefinition, if the objectives are to be reassessed and re-determined, and if the intervention approach and techniques need any change. It is primary method of social work. The clinical diagnosis is the subject of medical practice. Perhaps they lack the resources necessary to complete their schoolwork. Over and again the worker strives to help the client think about the effect of his decisions and actions on others or its consequences for himself, e.g., advantages and disadvantages of moving to a new job, place, seeking divorce, quarreling with boss, and purchasing properties etc. This phase requires a very skillful probing into the client’s problem, mopping up all the relevant areas of the person-in-his-situation. OSW services are seen as adding to workplace partnerships and welfare pluralism. It is also important to re-emphasise that the treatment plans are always conditioned by the age, health, culture, mores, values, opportunities, agency policy and community as well as broad societal forces. 3. Its limitation has been very appropriately put in by Richmond (1922) when she quotes Jung: “A person is only half understood when one knows how everything in him came about. This may happen also because of transference and distorted perception of the process and of the worker’s efforts etc. Ongoing casework is a direct service provided by a Social Worker and is a key component in the delivery of services by the Department. It is generally understood as a helping profession that utilizes professionally qualified For example, worker may say, “You can utilise this leisure time for painting or kitchen-garden etc.” In case the client uses his leisure time for walking or playing, he is free to do so without any fear of criticism from the worker. Seven Principles of the Social Work Relationship Felix Biestek PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS Recognition of the client’s need to express feelings freely Worker listens purposefully Worker neither discourages nor condemns the expression of feelings Sometimes worker actively stimulates and encourages expression of feelings CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT The worker is … These, concerned with the broader social environment o, micro-meso-macro continuum (Kirst-Ashman and Hul, primarily with individual clients, s/he will interfac, working at the meso/macro levels. For example: ii. All persons Building communities from the inside out: Appreciative Inquiry for change management: Using AI t. The promotion of the socioeconomic participation of persons with disabilities is an important concept of developmental social work in community-based rehabilitation (CBR). All rights reserved. Below an attempt is made,to define and explain the character- istics, origins and functions of social work. This article constructs a process model for a form of social case work that is informed by social development principles and priorities. What bearing do these have on communication patterns, decisions making, and on attitudes and behaviours of the client. The ‘fit’ between occupational social work (OSW) and developmental social welfare (DSW) has periodically been challenged. At what times have your feelings been most pleasant, and satisfying? This obviously requires that the caseworker finds out the nature of need, if it can be met in the present set-up of agency’s policies, procedures, services and personnel, and what sort of competence and provisions will be helpful and is required to tackle his problems. In some cases, in India, discussing the planning with the client may not be feasible either for time factor or overall socio-educational level of the client. It is complicated by the fact In another words, case work is carried out through interviewing (talking) techniques which help in achieving sub-goals (like perceiving the reality, developing understanding of the situation, insight into one’s a particular behaviour, locating resources, improving relationship with someone, etc.). This starts with first encounter and ends with usually the second interview with the intake worker. Rather than investing in the many ways adv, McKnight, 1993) and appreciative inquiry theory (Lewi. Fo. These cases are free to you to use, modify, and incorporate into your teaching. social casework was used for the first time by Miss Virginia Robinson in her book, “A Changing Psychology in Social Case Work” in 1939. The balance of evidence in the academic literature — which has not received a great deal of attention outside the academic community — is that, on average, aid does have some beneficial impact on human development (Addison et al. Although the exact role of the Social Worker varies from case to case, and from Social Worker to Social Worker, the essential aspects of ongoing casework … setting up micro, to those who are financially secure. The theory believes that unconscious process plays important role in determining behaviour and the behaviour is the out come of the interaction of three subsystems of personality that is ‘id’, ‘ego’ and ‘super ego’. One needs to encourage patient to describe with as much concrete details as possible. In the initial stages one should not minimise the anxiety lest he stops coming out with relevant materials necessary to help him. Changes in behaviour; reaction to social worker, etc. Findings indicate the decisive element in successful engagement is most related to the personal characteristics and communication skills of the worker, especially their ability to create a trusting climate at the beginning of the relationship and maintain supportive communication throughout the working process. Client’s expectations of help. It maps the history of the field, its current definition, training opportunities and registration (licensing) procedures. Investing of more time in study has been found to be frustrating to the client who seeks immediate help with the presenting problem. It also includes what has been done about the problem. Which of these could you change? How do you feel about it? Focuses on the situation in South Africa, and considers a number of social processes that are driving developments in higher education. This is a basic book in social casework. Critics suggest that dominant social work is ineffective in that it is culturally inappropriate, marginalises other kô°‚ô°ƒô°„ledgeô°…, ô°ƒô°†eô°‡lô°ƒô°ƒkô°… ô°…ô°ˆô°‡ô°‰cô°ˆô°‰ô°‡al iô°…ô°…ô°‰eô°…, iô°… eô°Šô°‹eô°‚ô°…iô°†e aô°‚d iô°… miô°…maô°ˆched ô°ˆô°ƒ lô°ƒcal ô°‚eedô°…. The first stage in intervention (treatment) involves planning. No technique of psycho-analysis to understand unconscious is used. Relevant means facts “bearing upon or properly applying to the case in hand; of a nature to afford evidence tending to prove or disprove the matters in issue”. In practice, psycho-social study is carried out simultaneously with assessment and intervention. Similarly, the caseworker advises actions which should be adopted by the client to solve the problems. The dynamic diagnosis seeks to establish what the trouble is, what role psychological, biological, social and environmental factors are playing in the causation of the problems, what effect it (the problem) has on the individual’s well-being (and that of others related with the client), what solution is sought, and what means exist within the client, his situation and the organised services and resources by which the problem may be affected. The caseworker then makes inferences based on the information, theoretical knowledge, and the experience of himself and others. Goals are different from wants. (iv) Reactions to the worker and treatment. Its use in casework practice is minimum and no attempt is made in social casework to undertake clinical diagnosis as it is of little value in planning casework intervention (treatment). The Challenge of Social Work inAfrica 21 social work practice in Africa, thispaper explores some of thebasic but fundamen-talissues which the social work profession must resolve in order tobe responsive and more ~levant to African socio-economic development The question that underlies this discussion is: what are some of the requirements of what Midgley 4 SOCIAL WORK- CASE MANAGER Involved in all stages of client intervention. Case studies from organizations that have already integrated conversational methods into their change management practice show the value and effectiveness of the processes and how to promote, create and generate such conversations yourself. From our experience of life, we all know that every person is subjected to various stresses, both internal or/and external at different stages of life beginning from childhood. Inner Awareness, Responses and Distortions: This part involves awareness of the so-called hidden feelings or reactions. State the relative seriousness of each aspect and of all the possible causes and aspects in relation to each other. Traditional approach in casework and crisis intervention has something common as well as something different. Content uploaded by Adrian D. Van Breda. The purpose, for which social study and psycho-social assessment (diagnosis) are undertaken, is casework intervention (treatment). Have you outgrown the need for it? Theories and approaches in social case work :-Psychoanalytical Theory :- The theory propounded by Sigmund Freud. As opined earlier, no attempt is made to uncover the unconscious or retrace the infantile experiences, except those which can be easily recalled with normal probing. Concepts drawn from various other approaches can be used along-with this approach. To quote Hollis (1972), a mother may not realise that hitting her son compels him to defy her to maintain his prestige before his peers. However, since discussions in the literature on common frameworks for developmental social workers in CBR appear inadequate, this review article aims to develop a practical framework that promotes the socioeconomic participation of persons with disabilities by applying the capability approach. Evaluation and monitoring phase 6. The review addresses three aspects of resilience theory: its definition, the construction of adversity and outcomes, and the nature and scope of resilience processes. Social work as a field of study and practice is not well understood, especially in Africa. Facts required are either related to resources, structure of the organisation (system), e.g., family, agency, etc., communication, cultural practices, developmental stages, political situation, attitudes and behaviours of the client system, values and beliefs of individuals and groups, or to their multidimensional interaction with each other. In the recent past, psychiatric social workers in India have been encouraged to develop a capacity to diagnose patients clinically (though broadly only) because of the fact that they have to work very closely with psychiatrists in the treatment of the psychiatric patients (Nayyar, 1965). It then implies that the way, in which the problem is presented and defined, treatment modalities and resources available etc. However, it has been now realised that earlier life experiences get modified and the later experiences are as much valuable as the earlier ones. It is incumbent upon the social work profession to expose the vulnerable conditions in which day labourers have to operate, and to mobilise a coordinated response from relevant government and non-profit organisations in the interests of greater social justice and harmony. Intake procedures, if implemented properly, help the agency to avoid wastage of its services, frustration to client, and in utilising its resources more effectively. Social Work Education (CSWE), Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (EPAS) 9 Core Competencies and 29 practice behaviors rooted in essential knowledge, values and skills of social work practice (CSWE, 2015, pp.3-7). will determine which data are relevant and which part needs more exploration and observation. A particularly challenging aspect of this translation concerns the practice of social case work within a social development approach, a topic that has received virtually no attention in the social development literature. (1) Enhancing the ability of the person to cope up with the current problems in living. Try to describe very accurately the most unpleasant feelings you have had during that period. This is not done from research point of view, because of which we do not use any rating scale etc. (7) What do you like about your father and mother? 1911 – N.M. Joshi The questions to be answered by the worker at this stage are: “What kind of help (treatment) will best stabilise or improve the client’s functioning or better meet his needs?” “In terms of the kind of social adaptation or adjustment, which will be of most value to him?”. Author content. This is achieved because of the client’s trust in the worker. Is their satisfaction creating anxiety in client? A lot of literature has, in the last decade, emerged on evaluation of welfare services. Hollis (1972) pleads for use of this procedure only when the earlier procedures fail to yield desirable results (i.e., the desired change in the behaviour pattern of the client). Once the objectives are set, the specific methods, techniques, type of services required and the expected improvement and change is also to be calculated tentatively. It seeks “to pursue intrapsychic reasons” for the feelings, attitudes, ways of acting and thus the specific interaction between emotions and thoughts causing problems to the client. Social development is o, However, key writers on the developmental approach, developmental social work and remain under-prac, development, particularly given the wide dispar, capacity of social work. Importantly, it is a radical shift from psychosocial solutions, such as those earlier mentioned, towards structural solutions which are adequately positioned to engage with the socio-economic and political challenges peculiar to African contexts (Patel 2005). Describe the kind of father/mother you would be? • Social case work is a method of providing services whereby a professional social worker assesses the needs of the person and his or her family, in an appropriate manner, and arranges, coordinates, monitors, evaluates, and advocates for a package of multiple services to meet the Follow-up is done to help the client maintain the improvement. EBP is a process practitioners use to guide and inform the delivery of treatments and services, integrating the following four components: Sustaining process may require use of gift, patting and fondling when working with children. are essential for a developmental approach t, generating, skills development and microc, productive is intrinsically empowering and, Consequently, a short-term or time-limited approac, oppressive status quo. Case Work and Counselling : working with individuals (MSW-007) 4 2. Externalisation requires a pat, respectful?” or “If you imagine your life as, In addition, the DSCWer will actively engag, aim of increasing her financial independence. Such systems, if any existing in the community to handle crisis situations, need to be strengthened. Consideration of patterns of personality and behaviour does not involve probing early life experiences. More than two decades after Michael Rutter (1987) published his summary of protective processes associated with resilience, researchers continue to report definitional ambiguity in how to define and operationalize positive development under adversity. This period may last between a week to a month or so. Is there dysfunctional (ineffective or contradictory or hostile) communication pattern? 2.An Introduction to Case Work – Grace Mathew, Published: Tata Institute of Social Sciences,1992, 3.Web references and class room teaching have been also used.
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