(According to the book written by his student al-Juzjanî, the date of birth may be 979.) This reasoning had more to do with philosophical speculation and metaphysics. The process of scientifically estimating the age of the Earth revolves around, essentially, finding the oldest piece of the planet we can, then figuring out how old that piece is. But the important observation (as we shall see) is that both display a very modern scientific spirit in their geological inquiry and appeal to natural and historical causes when discussing the antiquity of the earth. Between the 13th and the 17th centuries, Ibn Sina’s medical encyclopedia was the foundation of medical educational programs at some of the oldest European universities, including the University of Leuven in Belgium, the University of Montpellier in France, and the University of Krakow in Poland. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Roman poet Lucretius, believed that the formation of Earth must have been relatively recent, given that there were no records going back beyond the Trojan War. The Muslim Civilisation was outstanding in its outlook on the universe, humanity and life. Essentials of Geology. Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London. Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in late 2019, internet searches for the word “quarantine” increased by 10,000%, according to Google Trends. Aristotle thought the universe had existed eternally. Avicenna went on to describe the process of the formation of mountains (or heights), after the formation of stones and rock sequences. Every story of science always starts in Europe or catapults itself from Greek Antiquity to the European Renaissance. Al Biruni- The man who ‘scientifically’ discovered America. Possibly. Today, Ibn Sina’s legacy is shielding the world during its fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, while his cross-boundary spirit is materializing in the growing trend of global solidarity. The University of Bologna, the oldest European university, was the first to adopt Ibn Sina’s Canon as the base of its medical education, in the 13th century. “, In analyzing the origin of mountains, Ibn Sina outlines the fundamental principle of superposition of strata, which later in the history of Geology became the Law of Superposition of Strata by Nicolaus Steno in the 17th century, Historians of Geology, Toulmin and Goodfield write. The table of geologic time spans presented here agrees with the dates and nomenclature proposed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, and uses the standard color codes of the United States Geological Survey. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Leonardo da Vinci concurred with Aristotle's view that fossils were the remains of ancient life. These cookies do not store any personal information. The Genesis account of creation would, if taken at face value imply a young Earth, only 6,000 years old. Why was it lost? Today the idea of the ancient earth is a necessary conclusion of modern cosmology and astrophysics and a starting point for research in modern geology, archeology even biology, zoology and so on. The Genesis account of creation would, if taken at face value imply a young Earth, only 6,000 years old. Because these opinions would be at odds with the Christian views on the world. Some argue that the current appellation of “quarantine” originates from the arabic term “al-Arba’iniya” (the fortieth), which Ibn Sina used to designate his isolation method. Avicenna - Development - Earth Sciences - Ibn Sina - Munim Al-Rawi -. So the Greek approach was theory driven by and large : Propose a theory and then justify it. The Islamic tradition was unique in this sense that while the Aristotelian infinitely old earth theory had serious critics but that didn't make them supporters of the Young Earth idea. His works covered several fossils, wherein he made his theory of petrifying liquids. The process of figuring out a rock's age often falls to the scientific techniques of radiometric dating and Uranium-lead conversion technique. During the 11 th century, the study of fossils became more advanced when the Persian naturalist Ibn Sina made his contribution to fossils. He recognized that the formation of rocks in bulk and then mountains and cliffs is a slow process. But the important takeaway from all of this is that they proposed ideas that were rigorously scientific and built on field observations, which in many ways was a break from the Greek approach on the subject and paved the way for modern Earth Sciences. Ibn Sina was the most popular Muslim thinker in late medieval Europe. First published by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. It was known that he spent some time studying Medicine and Law in Leiden and Paris both of which housed large volumes of Islamic manuscripts before the 15th century. Morocco World News: Championing Free Speech and Thoughtful Debate Through Journalistic Excellence. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. Even Aristotle speculated along these lines. “. View the profiles of people named Ibn Sina. He also first proposed one of the principles underlying geologic time scales: the law of superposition of strata. ... An influential proponent of this view was the Moslem physician Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (980-1037). Both of his insights; Land being covered with water and the processes of deposition must have taken considerable time, were the main concepts developed in the formative period of Earth Sciences in Europe by Steno, Smith and Hutton. Ibn Sina was a medieval doctor from the Islamic Empire. Historians agree that Ibn Sina’s work laid the foundation for modern quarantine. This led to the doctrine of uniformitarianism or the concept that the earth‘s surface was shaped by erosion, and by small sudden changes, such as earthquakes, rather than by sudden catastrophic acts. What separates Ibn Sina from many of his peer scholars of the Islamic Golden Age is that his work is well respected both in the Islamic world and in the West. [6] Executive: Can appoint/dismiss Officers and set their authority. Ibn Sina wrote about two types of rock. Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as Islam's Golden Age, in which the translations of Graeco-Roman, Persian and Indian texts were studied extensively. Roman poet Lucretius, believed that the formation of Earth must have been relatively recent, given that there were no records going back beyond the Trojan War. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. Brand New. Since then, the publication has dominated the sphere of western medicine. Aristotle previously explained it in terms of vaporous exhalations, which Ibn Sina modified into the theory of petrifying fluids ( succus lapidificatus ), which was elaborated on by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century and accepted in some form by most naturalists by the 16th century. 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The same geological forces that operate today, like deposition, erosion and uplift, have been shaping the Earth for ages. Being interested in the field of Islam and Science and Islamic Eschatology, she produced a documentary on the Golden Age of Islam and directs the Second Golden Age series. Islamic scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna (981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. …most probably from agglutinative clay which slowly dried and petrified during ages of which we have no record.” [9]. [4]. Mohammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. So Muslim thinkers relieved from undue literalism with regards to time found themselves free to directly ask mother earth her age. 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Meanwhile, others believe that the term originates from the word “quarantena” in early Venetian language. 94 p. (In Arabic with summary in French). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) The essential cause (is concerned) when, as in many violent earthquakes. While historians are uncertain about the origins of sanitary isolation, with records found in the Old Testament and in the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, they do agree that quarantine, as it is known today, would not have been developed without the work of the Muslim polymath Ibn Sina (980-1037), known as Avicenna. How Ibn Sina’s Legacy Is Protecting the World From COVID-19. . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Ibn Sina also contributed to paleontology with his explanation of how the stoniness of fossils was caused. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Earth Science in Britain 1660-1815. During the Middle Ages the Persian naturalist Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Europe, discussed fossils and proposed a theory of petrifying fluids on which Albert of Saxony elaborated in the 14th century. But this does not qualify as a scientific argument, since Maimonides invoked no observational evidence. The material related to his research on geology was translated into Latin as early as around the 13th century by Alfred of Sareshel, who erroneously attributed it to Aristotle himself. He stated that “the rose diminishes drunkenness” [12]. This is a result of narrow literalism that Judeo- Christian scholarship adhered to with some exceptions. [3] The accumulating evidence pointed to an extraordinary new idea: that the history of Earth goes back much, much further than any human memory. Like Maimonides, in the 12. entury sought compromise with Aristotle’s infinitely old earth idea by suggesting that the days of Genesis reflected indefinitely long periods of time. The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time. He suggests that the mountains have been raised up by earthquakes. Paleontology-Wikipedia. His father, Abdullah, was a respected scientist from Balkh, the important city of the Samani Empire, and was from the Shia Ismaili sect. Europeans called him Avicenna. [5] Potter, R., 1977. However, he rejected the explanation of fossils as organic remains. Historians of Geology, Toulmin and Goodfield write "Around 1000 AD, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later”. Join Facebook to connect with Ibn Sina and others you may know. Graeco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) would propose a theory of climate change based on evidence from petrified bamboo. Muslim scientists thought about the origin of minerals, rocks, mountains, earthquakes and water, etc. …most probably from agglutinative clay which slowly dried and petrified during ages of which we have no record.”, Avicenna went on to describe the process of the formation of mountains (or heights), after the formation of stones and rock sequences. The following two sections are related. and ed. That idea explained that the fossils were formed by gas "breathing" ... through the rocks. His work gave way to what was called the Law of superposition of strata. The Formative stage between 14th to 17th centuries (Western Earth Sciences). This is a result of narrow literalism that Judeo- Christian scholarship adhered to with some exceptions. During the Middle Ages, fossils were discussed by the Persian naturalist, Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in Europe), in The Book of Healing (1027), which proposed a theory of petrifying fluids that Albert of Saxony would elaborate on in the 14th century. “If you have seen the soil of India with your own eyes and meditate on its nature – if you consider the rounded stones found in the Earth however deeply you dig, stones that are huge near the mountains and where the rivers have a violent current – if you consider all this, you could scarcely help thinking that India has once been a sea which by degrees has been filled up by the alluvium of the streams.” [6]. The efficiency of quarantine in today’s world, where diseases can quickly spread to all continents, does not mean that the isolation method was ideated in modern times. A comparative analysis will be required of the reader to understand what many scholars have pointed out of the discrepancies of our reading of the history of science, where Muslim contributions are either intentionally undermined and ignored or conveniently attributed to Greek sciences. All three share a remarkable modern empirical style of enquiry. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In 1027, the Persian geologist, Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in Europe), explained how the stoniness of fossils was caused in The Book of Healing. [1] Mears, B. Jr., 1978. E. C. Sachau, Kegal Paul, London, 1910[7] E. J. Holmyard and D. C. Mandeville, Avicennae De Congelatione et Conglutinatione Lapidum, Geuthner, Paris, 1927, Introduction[8] Adams, F. D., 1938. “In many [terrestrial] stones, when they are broken, are found parts of aquatic animals, such as shells, etc.”. This again is one of Ibn Sina’s great contributions to the study of fossils. He created a catalogue of strata and argued that each one represented a distinct time in Earth's history — a principle known as fossil succession. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) is a significant figure in the formative period. The Muslim scholar explained that disease can spread through very small particles that cannot be seen with the naked eye, a discovery that was proven centuries later, after the invention of microscopes. Submit content and courses and recieve rewards. C $116.11. 229-230. … XI, part 2, p. One part was about geology. It could be attributed to the language and the style of the Quran that it doesn't allow for a literalist reading of the ‘Days of Creation’ as a ‘day’ in the Quran can be as long as one to fifty thousand years long. University of Michigan, Humanistic Studies, Vol. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website.
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