3. IKEv2 is defined in a single document, IETF RFC 4306, which thus replaces the three RFCs used for documenting IKEv1 and ISAKMP. As a system of systems, the Smart Grid consists of software components that have varied security and assurance levels, and diverse origins and development processes. For untrusted non-3GPP networks, the authors proposed a pre-authentication approach. RFC 4301 is an update of the previous IPsec security architecture specification found in IETF RFC 2401. EPS makes use of both IKEv1 and IKEv2. The exchange of this information creates a security association (SA), which is a policy and set of keys used to protect a one-way communication. Security is as much about perception as it is about reality, and cultural anxiety often influences building design. The information security architecture seeks to ensure that information systems and their operating environments consistently and cost-effectively satisfy mission and business process-driven security requirements, consistent with the organizational risk management strategy and sound system and security engineering principles. Make security friendly 7. It provides confidentiality, integrity, and availability assurances against deliberate attacks and … IKE is used for authenticating the two parties and for dynamically negotiating, establishing, and maintaining SAs. IPsec provides security services for both IPv4 and IPv6. If for a given fieldbus public key cryptography solutions are too expensive, we can still design limited security schemes for fieldbuses at a cheaper price, i.e. Design security in from the start 2. A new IKEv2 authentication and IPsec SA establishment have to be performed. To ensure security in Smart Grid, from development via roll-out to operation, proven development processes and management are needed to minimize or eliminate security vulnerabilities that are introduced in the development lifecycle. The security architecture and design should enable better, simpler, and faster administration of users within the SDDC. The one method to complete phase 1 is Main Mode. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597499613000078, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781597496414000138, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978159749286700005X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781785480522500116, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080453644500630, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021224000080, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978159749615500013X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123945952000165, Nokia Firewall, VPN, and IPSO Configuration Guide, Security and Privacy in LTE-based Public Safety Network, Hamidreza Ghafghazi, ... Carlisle Adams, in. To really make this process effective, supplementary documentation will need to be provided, including workflows and worksheets to aid business owners with the task of determining a system's risk profile and evaluating its risk exposure. The ESP protocol is defined in IETF RFC 4303 and AH in IETF RFC 4302, both from 2005. Companies of every Starting template for a security architecture – The most common use case we see is that organizations use the document to help define a target state for cybersecurity capabilities. IKE provides authenticated secure key exchange with perfect forward secrecy (based on the Diffie-Hellman protocol) and mutual peer authentication using public keys or shared secrets. Figure 16.39. Instead, we will give a high-level introduction to the basic concepts of IPsec focusing on the parts of IPsec that are used in EPS. Principles of Secure Design 1. ESP and AH are typically used separately but it is possible, although not common, to use them together. It also specifies when and where to apply security controls. Although the previous limited security schemes have a cheaper price, some fieldbuses may not be able to afford them. Employ least privilege 5. All the security services defined by ISO can be achieved in a centralized fieldbus by using public key cryptography. 2. Incorporating an information security architecture that implements architectural information security requirements within and across information systems. Defining the appropriate architectural information security requirements based on the organization’s risk management strategy. The architecture should adhere to security … In some cases, you model an IAM-system and call it a security architecture but that is not correct. MOBIKE is defined in IETF RFC 4555. Transport mode is often used between two endpoints to protect the traffic corresponding to a certain application. Minimize and isolate security controls 4. Identifying where effective risk response is a critical element in the success of organizational mission and business functions. Security Architecture and Design is a three-part domain. Security Architecture Design Phase: The concept of a threat intelligence driven defendable architecture Threat intelligence driven defendable architecture is the concept Telenor uses to develop its security architecture. Another example is a scenario where a mobile UE changes its point of attachment to a network and is assigned a different IP address in the new access. In our opinion it is time to stop reinventing the wheel when it comes down to creating architectures and designs for security and privacy solutions. This phase is protected by the IKE SA established in phase 1. Figure 16.40. The gateways must self-authenticate and choose session keys that will secure the traffic. Hover over the various areas of the graphic and click inside the Box for additional information associated with the system elements. To provide security of handovers, the work in [ZHE 05] proposed a hybrid AKA scheme that supported global mobility. The user traffic between the UE and the ePDG (i.e. Agencies can address risk management considerations at the mission and business tier by [34]: Developing an information security segment architecture linked to the strategic goals and objectives, well-defined mission and business functions, and associated processes. The receiver computes the integrity check value for the received packet and compares it with the one received in the ESP or AH packet. The integrity service can be achieved also by using a one-way hash function optimized for heavily constrained environments, as those typically found in fieldbuses. The The node may want to use a different interface in case the currently used interface suddenly stops working. The scheme uses a security context transfer mechanism to achieve its goal for trusted non-3GPP networks. The Data field as depicted in Figure 16.38 would then contain, for example, a UDP or TCP header as well as the application data carried by UDP or TCP. Eric Conrad, ... Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study Guide (Second Edition), 2012. 21.3 Guidance on Security for the Architecture Domains Sticking to recommended rules and principles while developing a software product makes it possible to avoid serious security … Inform your security design and test it with penetration testing to simulate one time attacks and red teams to simulate long-term persistent attack groups. The first part covers the hardware and software required to have a secure computer system, the second part covers the logical models required to keep the system secure, and the third part covers evaluation models that quantify how secure the system really is. The NDS/IP standard allows both IKEv1 and IKEv2 to be used (see Section 7.4). Our security architecture & design review service evaluates your risk level and provide support in improving your security. The verification of the hash code is designed to detect intentional and unauthorized modifications of the data, as well as accidental modifications. As technology has increased in complexity, so too have the approaches for securing it. Understanding architecture and design when it comes to security is crucial to ensuring companies build a cohesive security posture, ingrain security into the culture, and maximize current tools and capabilities. The resulting documentation step would then include a plan for applying controls based on priority or risk and the effort involved, and this plan would then be carried out in the implementation step. Connection-less integrity is the service that ensures that a receiver can detect if the received data has been modified on the path from the sender. See Figure 16.41 for an illustration of a UDP packet that is protected using ESP in tunnel mode. After that we discuss the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used for authentication and establishing IPsec Security Associations (SAs). The confidentiality service protects the data against non-authorized revelations. In order to manage these parameters, IPsec uses Security Associations (SAs). For example, on the SWu interface between UE and ePDG, and on the S2c interface between UE and PDN GW, IKEv2 is used. Design Software Security Architecture 5m Adequate Security 4m Architecture Based Controls 7m Client Server 8m Web-based Architecture Risk 5m Pervasive Computing 7m Feature-based Risk 10m Side Channel Vulnerabilities However, it does not detect if the packets have been duplicated (replayed) or reordered. IKEv1 has subsequently been replaced by IKEv2, which is an evolution of IKEv1/ISAKMP. Security Architecture and Design is a three-part domain. This secure architecture design is the result of an evolutionary process of technology advancement and increasing cyber vulnerability presented in the Recommended Practice document, Control Systems Defense in Depth Strategies. The designated purpose will be clear when designers examine the cultural, legal, and physical definitions of what the prescribed, desired, and acceptable behaviors are for that space. Allow for future security enhancements 3. One example is a multi-homing node with multiple interfaces and IP addresses. These controls serve the purpose to maintain the system’s quality attributes such … Customer privacy—Customers’ privacy needs to be ensured. For example, IPsec is used to protect traffic in the core network as part of the NDS/IP framework (see Section 7.4). The mechanism to achieve confidentiality with IPsec is encryption, where the content of the IP packets is transformed using an encryption algorithm so that it becomes unintelligible. (One could view IKE as the creator of SAs and IPsec as the user of SAs.) An SA is the relation between the two entities, defining how they are going to communicate using IPsec. Phase 1: To safely set an IPSec SA, the two peers first establish a secure channel, which is an encrypted and authenticated connection. Security Architecture and Design describes fundamental logical hardware, operating system, and software security components and how to use those components to design, architect, and evaluate secure computer systems. Security is a system requirement just like performance, capability, cost, etc.Therefore, it may be necessary to trade offcertain security requirements to gain others. An SA is unidirectional, so to provide IPsec protection of bidirectional traffic a pair of SAs is needed, one in each direction. However, these two terms are a bit different. The new eNB will retrieve old NCC value and send back to the UE. View chapter Purchase book Security architecture is a unified security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. Understanding these fundamental issues is critical for an information security professional. The Data part of the ESP packet in Figure 16.38 now corresponds to a complete IP packet, including the IP header. Magnus Olsson, ... Catherine Mulligan, in EPC and 4G Packet Networks (Second Edition), 2013. The two peers agree on authentication and encryption methods, exchange keys, and verify the other's identity. In EPS, this may occur if a user is using WLAN to connect to an ePDG. This mode is called Quick Mode. Even though IKEv1 has been replaced by IKEv2, IKEv1 is still in operational use. This chapter examines security considerations in all phases of the Smart Grid system development lifecycle, identifying industrial best practices and research activities, and describes a system development lifecycle process with existing and emerging methods and techniques for Smart Grid security. Security Architecture and Design Security Architecture and Design Classroom Online, Instructor-Led Course Description This course provides a comprehensive overview of cyber-security control technologies. If the user now moves to a different network (e.g. During communication, slave and master nodes may mutually authenticate each other with these keys using well known protocols. In order to communicate using IPsec, the two parties need to establish the required IPsec SAs. The hash functions accept a variable-size message as input and produce a fixed-size code, called the hash code or message digest. Security architecture should comprise a set of standards and processes that are not only documentable, but also repeatable. MOBIKE is used on the SWu interface to support scenarios where the UE moves between different untrusted non-3GPP accesses. That can be accomplished by assigning to each slave node in the network a unique private key and a master node’s public key. Security Architecture and Engineering is a very important component of Domain #3 in the CISSP exam.It counts for a good chunk of it, as 13% of the topics in this domain are covered on the exam. While almost every federal agency can be expected to have an enterprise architecture—in most cases reflecting a common architecture framework such as the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) or Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF)—there is much greater variation among agencies in the existence and structure of formally documented security architectures. Figure 16.41. See Figures 16.38 and 16.39 for illustrations of ESP- and AH-protected packets. In phase 1 an IKE SA is generated that is used to protect the key exchange traffic. Your work over the next 8 weeks will lead-up to your ability to represent an enterprise security architecture solution as a diagram or diagrams with annotations. If used together, ESP is typically used for confidentiality and AH for integrity protection. Security architecture calls for its own unique set of skills and competencies of the enterprise and IT architects. Security architecture is not a specific architecture within this framework. As a result, the scheme achieves mutual authentication along with non-repudiation. Use the course cover sheet. Secure the weakest link 2. Then, in future instances, it sends previously collected requests to a new eNB when a UE would like to move to the target eNB. As a result, the handover will fail since the NCC stored in UE is not consistent with the one it received. The data origin authentication service allows the receiver of the data to verify the identity of the claimed sender of the data. However, if an eNB is compromised, the adversary is able to modify Next-Hop Chaining Counter (NCC) and as a result the synchronization between UE and target eNB is disrupted. The SPI can be seen as an index to a Security Associations database maintained by the IPsec nodes and containing all SAs. For more details on S2c and SWu, see Sections 15.5.1 and 15.10.1Section 15.5.1Section 15.10.1 respectively. Security Architecture and Design is a three-part domain. As will be seen below, the IKE protocol can be used to establish and maintain IPsec SAs. Security Architecture for IP (RFC 2401) defines a model with the following two databases: The security policy database that contains the security rules and security services to offer to every IP packet going through a secure gateway. The set of security services provided by IPsec include: By access control we mean the service to prevent unauthorized use of a resource such as a particular server or a particular network. EPS uses IPsec to secure communication on several interfaces, in some cases between nodes in the core network and in other cases between the UE and the core network. Once the necessary controls have been identified in step 3, a gap analysis should be included to determine whether current controls in place meet the same standard and intent, or whether additional controls are needed. The primary difference here is that, for existing systems, applications, or environments, active vulnerability assessments can be performed to educate the risk exposure calculations. Zhendong Ma, ... Paul Murdock, in Smart Grid Security, 2015. Ensures that the stakeholder security requirements necessary to protect the organization’s mission and business processes are adequately addressed in all aspects of enterprise architecture including reference models, segment and solution architectures, and the resulting systems supporting those missions and business processes. “In Gartner’s experience, practitioners use the term “security architecture” to refer to the security elements in a range of different (often unspoken) domains. The design can also be customized and enhanced into further granular access. Start working on page 2 of the cover sheet. One mode is defined for phase 2. Problems 1. The design process is … Quick Mode uses three messages, two for proposal parameters and a third to acquit the choice. Data origin authentication and connection-less integrity are typically used together. ESP and AH can be used in two modes: transport mode and tunnel mode. Building security into Smart Grid from the component to the system level requires appropriate methods and techniques to rigorously address many heterogeneous security issues in all phases of the software and system development lifecycle. LTE security architecture benefits from key freshness techniques used in the handover process to prevent security threats from malicious eNBs. ISOL 536 – Security Architecture and Design Dr. Charles DeSassure University of the Cumberlands Lab 4 General Instructions 1. In order to use the IPsec services between two nodes, the nodes use certain security parameters that define the communication, such as keys, encryption algorithms, and so on. Secure Architecture Design. Figure 16.38. Tunnel mode is typically used to protect all IP traffic between security gateways or in VPN connections where a UE connects to a secure network via an unsecure access. ISAKMP, IKEv1, and their use with IPsec are defined in IETF RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409. This reference architecture is not just another security book. Limited traffic flow confidentiality is a service whereby IPsec can be used to protect some information about the characteristics of the traffic flow, e.g. The access control service protects the system resources against non-authorized users. The SA database that contains parameters associated with each active SA. When IKEv1 is used, authentication can be based on either shared secrets or certificates by using a public key infrastructure (PKI). The secure channel is called ISAKMP Security Association. Detection and rejection of replays is a form of partial sequence integrity, where the receiver can detect if a packet has been duplicated. Don’t depend on secrecy for security Principles for Software Security 1. However, strong public key cryptography is in general an expensive fancy solution for fieldbuses because, on one hand, most of the field devices have limited capacities, such as processor speed and memory. Hamidreza Ghafghazi, ... Carlisle Adams, in Wireless Public Safety Networks 2, 2016. Many of the quantifications resulting from the risk analysis tools and techniques may be useful to the business owner outside of this process as well. ISAKMP typically uses IKEv1 for key exchange, but could be used with other key exchange protocols. The information security architecture represents the portion of the enterprise architecture that specifically addresses information system resilience and provides architectural information for the implementation of capabilities to meet security requirements. The non-repudiation service prevents an entity from denying previous commitments or actions. Unlike IPSec SAs, ISAKMP SAs are bidirectional and the same keys and algorithms protect inbound and outbound communications. Structure the security relevant features 6. IP Packet (Data) Protected by AH. Whereas the verification of a checksum value or an error detecting code, as those produced by the CRC algorithms or the frame check sequence (FCS), is designed to detect only accidental modifications of the data. The d… Receive security alerts, tips, and other updates. Where EA frameworks distinguish among separate logical layers such as business, data, application, and technology, security architecture often reflects structural layers such as physical, network, platform, application, and user. On other interfaces in EPS, however, it is primarily IKEv2 that is used. The Sequence number contains a counter that increases for each packet sent. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This secure architecture design is the result of an evolutionary process of technology advancement and increasing cyber vulnerability presented in the Recommended Practice document, Control Systems Defense in Depth Strategies. on the SWu interface) is protected using ESP in tunnel mode. In tunnel mode, on the other hand, ESP and AH are used to protect a complete IP packet.
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